Relationships in the 1600

Relationships in the 1600 BY Disher84 Ryan Disher 5th hour Due October 18th, 2013 16th Century era of Male and Female Relationship My essay is over Male and Female relationships during the 16th century. In my essay I will be able to tell you what their relationship is based on, How the relationship works, and I will compare some characters from the story Hamlet in my essay also. This essay is full of facts so sit back and enjoy the ride! During the 1600s women were treated as inferior compared to the men who were superior. Women were expected to clean, cook, and tend to the children.Also During his era men argued that women were not capable of higher thinking because a woman's skull is smaller than a man's skull. Another statement that was said, women have wider hips which means there naturally supposed to be mothers. Overall woman were treated poorly and were not treated fair in the relationship either. In the play Hamlet Claudius and Gertrude, Claudius wants to remain King and in o rder to do so he must please Gertrude and show love to Hamlet in front of Gertrude, but behind her back he plots to kill Hamlet.Another good topic is how their relationship works out. During the 1600s women n the upper class were often set up to marry very young. Women of the middle class usually waited till there mid twenties to get married so they had enough money for a household. Women that did not marry were forced to learn some sort of trade to carry on their lives. Child birth was one of the most important things of being a woman, Although men weren't expected to be there while in labor. The woman's family, friends, and mid wife were there for her though.Woman in the upper class who didn't want to breast fed often had other mothers do it for them called wetnurses. Some relationships worked out great and well others didn't go as lanned. In this time, the male was almost always the one who brought in money for the family. Although there were times where the female brought in the bigger chunk of cash. Compared to our current time, where we go to work and then go home; Back then they might of worked right out of there own home and didn't know the ditterence between work lite and tamily lite.It was always tamily lite and they never experienced anything different. In comparison to the story Hamlet, all of Hamlets family had royalty and were most definitely the upper class. People may ask did there relationships work in the 1600s? ell they did, and they didn't. It wasn't a guarantee that they would be together forever. William Shakespeare did not believe in woman having a say in anything. Then there's feminists which say that woman have every right to be treated equal and they can have there own say in what they want to do, who they want to be with, and what there kids do.As a Male(father) you could decide who you married, what your wife did, and what you wanted your children to do. In the 1600s families were bigger and closer than today, the reasons why is bec ause such high death rate of infants because lack of technology and medicine. Which meant that families came together on the farm to help everyone out. Also religion played a major role back than, very often back then the only book in the house was a bible and that's what children used to learn how to read. Another fact about Shakespeare's time is that, once a boy turns 8 he no longer has to listen to his mother.The ideal woman was believed to be a virgin and a faithful wife. Female honor and social respectability were tied in closely to sexuality that death was often presented if the woman was not a virgin. There are so many different relationship views and gender views, and it has all changed as time went n. Some similarities are that men are still usually considered the â€Å"Man of the House†, but there are woman that are very independent and who can do anything and everything them self. Children are expected to respect/obey their parents, Boys carry on the family name.Al though now a day, Females if they would like to keep there maiden name they can keep it; back than if you said that people would of looked at you and thought you were as crazy as Hamlet, for seeing a ghost. Relationships back than were often between man and woman, you were frowned upon if you were with the same sex. The â€Å"Royal† and the â€Å"Elite† were the only type of people that were able to have more than one relationship. If you were born of Royal nature or Elite you were among the few that could have side partner relationships.This reasoning is because those types of classes were the only people that had the time, the money, and the energy to fool around. Middle class people might have had affairs but not as often as the upper class did. Which this problem also leads to having kids with your side partner and also syphilis was considered a rich person disease back then, because they were the only one who, like I said had the time, the oney, and the energy to â€Å"Get Around†. Some might say that Shakespeare cheated on his wife, because he was gone and there were no records of him for a few years.Shakespeare was married to Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than him. They had there first child on May 26th, 1583 whose name was Susanna. Then 21 months later Anne had gave birth to twins, named Hamnet, and Judith. After that they had no more children and remained married until 1616 when he died. He bought a fine house for his family in Stratford after his only sons death, Hamnet at the age of 11 died in 1596. Shakespeare was buried in Holy Trinity Church in Stratford, where Anne later Joined him in 1623.He had lived apart from his wife and children, except every once in while ne would visit them tor at least a decade. Shakespeare was a very well professional writer of his time and has been remembered for centurys. I hope that you have learned a lot from my essay, and you found it very interesting. My only hope is that you were able to walk away from this paper knowing something new, that you hadn't before. My name is Ryan Disher and this is my essay over Male/Female relationships during the 1600s.

Crimes that deserve the capital punishment Essay

Nowadays when one hears about recent news, filled with constantly growing reports of crimes and atrocities he may wonder whether we live in a world where strong moral principles and justice fades. The causes of such situation may be diverse, ranging from weak and incompetent law or the state of society which promotes the pursuit of material wealth at all costs. It is often highlighted that punishment sentences are not adequate to the crimes and it’s not uncommon to see brutal and outrageous felonies penalized with a mere few years of imprisonment. That said, aside from whether these unlawful offenders manage to rehabilitate themselves, the fact that after the incarceration, the most hardened murderers and thugs are at liberty again raises doubts about the effectiveness of law and may lead certain individuals to think that they are practically unpunishable. This problem doesn’t concern prevailing part of the States of America, because in 32 out of 50 States the death sen tence is a possible method of dealing with the most ignoble cases of trespassing a law. Historically speaking the death sentence was a part of common English law and as such became a part of the English colonies law, but as soon as the Declaration of Independence was proclaimed and United States began to form, certain States had different views on this punishment. Offences that were penalized with it and methods of the executions also varied. The breakthrough in the judicial treatment of this matter was a case ruled in 1972, known as Furman v. Georgia. The defendant charged robbery and murder was sentenced to death, but the verdict was never carried out. That’s because the opinion of court was that the current death penalty is in this case a cruel and unusual punishment. This led to the mortification of capital punishment for 4 years, until the Greg v. Georgia in 1976 and unification of the death penalty. As for now, in almost every big state, death penalty is legal. Texas is currently known as having performed the highest number of executions, which is not surprising, as it has the second highest population rate. The debate over capital punishment is continuing to this day, but is very controversial. There is a definite tendency to abolish this penalty over introducing it, as seen in  Connecticut and Maryland. These states abolished death penalty in 2012 and 2013. The moral issue is whether it is possible for human to decide over the other human death or life, but also if certain crimes deserve the capital punishment. Again, is it really just for certain offenders to live in confinement at the expense of the taxpayers even for the rest of their lives? In my opinion the feelings of the family and close acquaintances of the victims should be taken into account. It is only natural for them to wish the dangerous murderers dead. Furthermore I think that notorious criminals and particula rly brutal killers should be sentenced to death. Another moral controversy stems from the fact that there were cases in which convicts were posthumously proven to be not guilty. The contemporary judicial process allows for such wrongful convictions but this number is statistically low. On the other hand a system which allows execution when there is even a doubt about the defendant’s guilt can be considered inhumane and barbaric for such advanced and progressive country as the United States of America. The recent case of Troy Davis, who was believed of being innocent of murder brought much attention to the subject in 2011. The Death Penalty Information Center reported much higher than anticipated opposition to the current situation, because the American society was seen majorly as in favor of capital punishment. From the economical viewpoint the death sentence has its benefits and drawbacks. Firstly, the most felonious offenders could spend a set number of years or the rest of their lives doing the hard labor, but there is possibility that they will not work or deliberately do a bad job. Currently in the United States the penal labor is not required, b ut the convict who refused to work usually gets smaller food rations, longer sentence or other restricting sanctions. It seems like it’s the good solution but would it be enough to compensate for their sustenance, particularly when they live to the old age and can’t work? Next issue is connected with the high costs of exceptionally long trials. If there is insufficient evidence about the defendant who is in the death row the law is in a fix. There is little to do in such situation unless the new methods of interrogation or criminal research become viable. To summarize, this topic offers a great number of controversies and has no easy and direct approach. In the past the capital punishment was a part of every society, but now in almost every country in the world it is abolished or under the moratorium,  which shows that we, the human kind are progressing as a sentient and civilized beings. The United States of America is one of the most industrialized and populous countries today that still practice the death penalty, others being for example China, Japan and India. This makes one wonder if these countries can be considered civilized, but the capital punishment still has a very strong support. One of the most reasonable argument is that under the threat of the most severe consequences people will not commit crime. In the end, whether it is justifiable to take the other’s life in the name of law or not, I am in favor of such possibility and America’s approach. In my opinion there are some crimes that deserve the capital punishment.

Gun should not be banned Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gun should not be banned - Essay Example th Tidwell (August 15, 1996), the Columbine High School shootings on May 20, 1999 the Campbell County High School shooting on November 8, 2005, the Chardon High School shootings on February 27, 2012, the 2012 Aurora shootings, the Santa Monica shooting in 2013, the John F. Kennedy High School and Cesar Chavez Elementary School shootings in 2014 are some of the few examples of gun violence. Because of the profound prevalence of gun crimes, Vice President Joe Biden has been n tasked with looking at the list of recommendations on gun policy to the US President, Barrack Obama. Banning guns or gun ownership may not be a solution, even though there are those who have touted the move as a tenable alternative. Banning guns will not be a tenable solution to gun violence and the misuse of guns because doing so is making the assumption that a gun is an immoral object. On the contrary, just like any non-living thing, guns in themselves are amoral. Guns in the hands of responsible and law abiding citizens are merely tools of self-preservation, defense and maintenance of law and order. It is important to factor the truth that those who engage in gun violence and mass shootings are a small minority in the US population. In this case, banning guns would be infringing on the rights of the majority in the United States, to solve a section of the minority’s problems. Also, in this light, banning guns is an act that will be tantamount to deny law abiding citizens the right to protect themselves from criminals. The converse is also true that in the hands of troubled minds or people with criminal intent, guns will also become tools of terror, murder and grave injustice. In this case, it will be important that corrective measures are expended to deal with the portion of the minority that cannot handle gun rights well. That guns are amoral as previously stated in the discourse means that banning guns may not necessarily reduce crime. According to research studies on the 1994 Assault

Distributing and Marketing Music Albums Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Distributing and Marketing Music Albums - Essay Example Distributing and Marketing Music Albums Generally there are a number of ways through which we can distribute our albums. One way would be to use physical distribution agencies such as CD baby. Although we may be forced to incur some costs such as the cost of shipping the CDs, the use of physical distributers is quite effective and it will certainly enable our band to sell higher volumes of albums than any other music album distribution methods. Alternatively we can use the online distributers such as Amazon. The primary advantage of using Amazon and the other online distributers is that it will allow our band to post some editorial reviews alongside albums on sale and the customers will also be able to post their personal comments and reviews. Consequently apart from the fact that online distributers like Amazon may guarantee huge sales because they have large customer bases, this distribution option enables our band to understand their customers perception with regard to the newly launched Music album by analyzing their reviews. We will however have to contend with a few limitations of this option such as the high annual fees that these distributers often charge which can sometimes goes as high as 55% per each album sold. We can also choose to physically distribute our albums by ourselves. This option is undeniably the best in terms of saving costs and increasing profits but we must understand that it is a time consuming p rocess that requires commitment from all the relevant players in the band.

Principles of Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Principles of Human Resource Management - Essay Example The current labor market in the UK has grown steadily in accordance with the employment rate and the number of people employed from the years of 1995 to 2008 according to the Labor force survey published in the Blue book 2008. The office of National Statistics 2008 reports, "Employment tends to react to changes in out put with a lag because of the costs of hiring and firing workers. Therefore, it is not surprising that weaker output growth has not caused large falls in employment. Moreover, in the first instance, employers can vary labor input through the number of hours worked, rather than laying off workers." The construction industry today in the United Kingdom consists of over 250 000 firms employing over 2.1 million people. This huge work force is spread over a multitude of namely construction materials and products suppliers and producers, contractors, sub- contractors, professionals, advisors and construction clients. The United Kingdom construction output contributes 8.2% to the GVA (Gross Value Added) of the EU nations, which is the second largest. Below is the trend in the UK labor market represented in a graph. The graph, derived from figures published in the Blue Book 2008 reveal the labor employed in thousands across industries from the Year 1999 until 2007. It is a depiction of the Labor force trend in the UK. The graph showing an upward tren... Source: Fig 2.5 Pg 104 Blue book 2008 The above graph reflects a trend that has been steadily climbing over the years. However, the recent economic turmoil and the rise in the inflation have led to a complete crash of the housing industry affecting construction as a business and the employment in turn. The Olympics 2012 that proposes massive opportunities for this industry does not seem to stir or spur vibrant business in this sector as the people's daily reports "Builders of the 2012 Olympics facilities will have to compete for skilled workers due to a shortage in the labor market, according to Financial Times on Thursday. Construction Skills, a council established by the government to ensure that the industry has enough qualified workers, estimates that building for the Olympics will create 33,500 extra construction jobs over the next years. The peak year for employment would be 2010 when 7,500 workers would be needed, the council said. The construction industry forecast it needed 88,000 new recruits a year even before the Olympics were awarded to London." The above report indicates a shortage of labor in the UK for the construction business. Here's another report from the 'Thomson Financial' explaining the situation even more. The British construction industry has shown a"meek response" towards bidding for London 2012 Olympics projects which in turn could lead to a failure to achieve best value for money on the games, a group of British MPs said Wednesday. In a report, the committee said the 2012 games "represent a massive challenge for the construction industry". "The scale of the programme is twice that of Heathrow's recently opened Terminal 5, but must be delivered in half the time. It will use between

Discuss the relevant advantages and disadvantages of quantitative and Essay

Discuss the relevant advantages and disadvantages of quantitative and qualitative methods in the context of real estate research - Essay Example Nowadays, independent research and innovative solutions are provided by a number of companies that have resulted in the noteworthy advancement of the real estate industry. Such companies provide independent fiduciary services, information related to investment opportunities, litigation, counseling, and research services that facilitate the real estate providers in various capacities. (Dalphin, pp. 16-19) In this sector of real estate research, it is very imperative that such companies may have access to detailed knowledge and data related to the trends of real estate industry, as it is very important that proper research should be carried out to provide investment opportunities to the clients. All these companies have to continue their research and keep it up to date, in order to survive in the real estate industry. In this regard, proper methodologies of research play an important and crucial role in acquiring proper information according to the requirements of the clients and customers. In this paper, some of the research methodologies will be described, discussed, and compared, in order to understand the effectiveness, strengths, and weaknesses of the techniques that will be helpful for the real estate industry in the future. In terms of definition, quantitative properties and their relationships are investigated scientifically in a systematic manner with the facilitation of quantitative methodology during a research project. In addition, mathematical models and hypotheses are developed and employed during the quantitative research. One of the concerns during the implementation of a quantitative methodology is that natural phenomena are considered during the employment of different hypotheses. Moreover, experiential and mathematical expressions are collected in a quantitative relationship through a fundamental connection of measurements. Both natural sciences and social

Entrepreneurship and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Entrepreneurship and Innovation - Essay Example (comscore.com/press_events). There has been a surge in smart phone ownership, with growth particularly strong over the last year, up by 81 per cent from 7.2 million users in May 2009 to 12.8 million in May 2010. In June 2010, over a quarter of people in the UK (26.5 per cent) said they had a smart phone; more than double the number two years previously (media.ofcom.org.uk). This data can be used to imply that the Smart Phone would have wide acceptability in the market. One of the important assumptions which we can make here is that the growth in the market will make smart phone more affordable majority of people in the United Kingdom, their proliferation will increase and also lead to a surge in the contents of the mobile and data consumption. A new report regarding the geography of smart phones indicates that the shipment of smart phones in the first quarter of the year was 55.2 million with the growth hitting 67% year-on-year. (microscope.co.uk). It is assumed further that it provi des a substantial opportunity for different people in the mobile ecosystem – from operators and manufacturers to publishers and advertisers – who adapt to this dynamic market. ... On 7th May, 2009, a long-awaited recommendation on the mobile termination rates to reduce termination charges was adapted by EU by the end of 2012. (berr.gov.uk). On 1st April, 2010, a statement with a further consultation was issued to the mobile number porting process in which the porting time took one day (berr.gov.uk). The standard Value Added Tax rate is 17.5%, however, it will be increased to 20% in January 2011 (hmrc.gov.uk). The call tariffs indicate that calls may be charged by any residential or business package selected as the Charge Costing Package (telecom-tarriffs.co.uk). This implies that the market for mobile phone users is likely to be damaged as the call rates may rise because of the increases in tariffs mentioned above. Apart from that, the mobile operator companies are likely to introduce new packages to attract more consumers. This would directly have an impact on Vertigo as the demand for cell phones would rise pertaining to offers and packages introduced by Ope rators (Gruber, 2005). PART B 1. Financial Budget and Forecast for 3 year (Apple iphone; Assumed) The sales forecast is assumed on the basis of iPhone units sold by Apple in the past year when it was launched. As reported by O2, Vodaphone, Tesco and Apple’s management, iPhones were set to reach 2.5 million units. Furthermore, 10.7 million units were sold throughout Europe and 11 million units are expected to be sold in the year 2010 therefore, these figures are assumed to be the UK’s share in the latter. (ipodrepublic.com; Wordpress.com). Prices are kept constant however; they are adjusted with an expected inflation rate of 4%. The Annexure at the end of this

Latin Music Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Latin Music - Assignment Example He founded the country’s first permanent orchestra the Orquesta Sinfà ³nica de Mexico (1928) and the National Symphonic Orchestra (1947) (Parker 115). As the director of Mexicos National Conservatory of Music, Carlos headed projects for assembling aboriginal folk music. He wrote a book about electronic music â€Å"Toward a New Music,† (1937) and conducted a series of concerts with the NBC Symphony Orchestra in 1939 (Parker 9). He composed six symphonies out of which symphony no. 2 Sinfonà ­a India (1939) is amongst his best and most frequently performed works. Hearing the symphony is an exotic experience. It turns out that Carlos was an expert of blending folk with contemporary because this symphony offers a variety of flavors. Usually symphonies involve pauses or breaks because these are layered according to the composition of instruments but Sinfonia India is different. Upon hearing this symphony it becomes obvious that there are no breaks despite that it is a three movement composition. This informs about Carlos’s intention of breaking the norms and moving beyond the conventional style of composing and conducting for forming his own trademark style. This symphony has a Mexican feel probably due to the very empowering use of conventional Mexican instruments like drums and strings. A striking feature of Sinfonia India is the clarity of sounds and rhythmic attribute but the most enjoyable aspect is the folk element because it gives the symphony a nationalist aura for which Carlos is noted for. The symphony’s mood is pleasant and uplifting. It begins vibrantly but the meters change rapidly encouraging a soft and soothing somewhat melancholic melody by the middle and again mood becomes cheerful when the entire piece from the opening gets repeated. Last part is quite accelerated one and this is the most exciting part because a variety of instruments are introduced. Repetition turns out to be a much

Strategic Management - Integrative and Analytical Tools Assignment

Strategic Management - Integrative and Analytical Tools - Assignment Example This is to ensure customers satisfaction is achieved while the profitability of the company remains sustainable throughout its operations. In order to effectively analyze the new markets, several tools and techniques will be employed so get a comprehensive market picture. These tools include the SWOT Analysis and PEST Analysis. A SWOT analysis is a universal tool used for assessing the internal position and capability of a company in relation to the prevailing market environment. SWOT is an acronym for the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats facing a company. The internal advantages of the company are analyzed and the vulnerable points are analyzed. This can be presented in a matrix form as shown below (Figure 1). The scrutiny of the strengths as well as the weaknesses will focus on the four internal areas of the company including the financials of the company, marketing capability, manufacturing and the organizational structure. The threats and opportunities will however seek to look at the environmental factors such as the markets economic situation, social factors and technological advancements. The value of a SWOT analysis is the ability of the results to determine the value of the company as stated by Neubert (2013). This will therefore assist in maximizing the strengths identified while minimizing the weaknesses to take gain of the opportunities accessible and conquer any looming threats to the business. The major benefits of using SWOT for analysis is the fact that it is simple to use and it requires minimal costs and training. PESTLE Analysis is used solely for analyzing the external factors that might affect a strategic business move. It is an acronym for Political, Economical, Social, Legal and Ecological factors that might affect a strategic move. The analysis of these factors therefore enables a business to formulate the best strategy of approaching global markets

Drinking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Drinking - Research Paper Example Supporting Arguments Nowadays, an alliance has been formed youth and drinking. It is not only spoiling the youth’s health but also causing a great deal of immorality in them. They are destroying themselves by filling their body with such fluids. Youth is now unable to present itself as a healthy part of society; rather, the young have lost their focus of life and become irresponsible. In the past, school was an institution which was a place for the young to nurture their abilities and talents. But now it has become a place of fun funded by parents. They just have found a place where they can party and do whatever they want to (Should the Legal Drinking Age Be Raised to 25 to Eliminate Deadly College Partying?). The health experts of University of Otago conducted a study showing correlation between suicides, homicides, and age of drinking (Elder). People who start drinking early in their lives have a higher tendency to commit suicide or kill others (Elder). Same study found out that there is a decrease in suicide ratio among people who began drinking alcohol late in life (Elder). This is an effective supporting evidence for increasing the minimum age of drinking. ... In this way, this habit which spreads through company can be avoided to some extent. Youngsters can concentrate more on studies and achieving ambitions of their life. Research also shows that adults react quite differently to alcohol as compared to youth (Knudsen). Adults have more sense of when to stop drinking as compared to the young; also, they do not drink as frequently as school going youngsters (Knudsen). Brain development of adults is more stable as compared to youngsters, so they do not go to extreme extents for partying. If drinking is started at early age, there is more probability that a person will endure depression and will be psychologically distant from the society (Knudsen). Drinking has more hazardous effect on developing brains of the young (Knudsen). Some scholars say that youngsters are not sensible and responsible enough to understand the purpose of alcohol even at the age of 21 because alcohol is the most abused drug (Lianne H.). So, according to some scholars, the minimum drinking age should be raised to 23 because brain keeps on developing until the age of 23 (Lianne H.). Also, at the age of 23, people graduate and are ready to start their professional lives. So, there are less chances of spreading this habit in the whole group. At the age of 21, most people are at university and colleges enjoying and partying with friends and more of their attention is towards enjoying life and breaking rules (Lianne H.). Automobile accidents are also very common and there are many cases of drunk driver ruining a number of lives, which results in an endless trauma (Lianne H.). Adults at the age of 23 have mature minds and they are conscious enough not to drive after drinking (Lianne H.). However, teenagers do not have this

Emerging Leadership Trends And Theories Essay Example for Free

Emerging Leadership Trends And Theories Essay The contingency theory of leadership concentrates on the efficiency of leadership in terms of organizing, leading and making decisions for an organization, and it is dependent on matching a leaders style to the right situation. This theory was introduced by Fielder, who analyzed various leaders in different contexts, but mostly he studied on the military. The theory assumes that behavior and styles cannot be influenced or modified; it is contradictory to ‘situational leadership which emphasized the need for the leaders to adapt to the situation. Besides, the term ‘situation implies to a complex combination of leader-member relation, task structure, and position power. 1. Leader-member relation is an evaluation of leadership acceptance between the organizational hierarchies. Therefore, the relationship is high when the leader is respected and accepted by his or her juniors. 2. Task structure is an evaluation of the simplicity of the task or project and their methods used to achieve the end product. 3. Positional power is an evaluation of amount power the leader has to manipulate the productivity of the juniors. Therefore, the power is high if a great deal of power is formally attributed to the position of the leader. Transformation Leadership Theory Leadership expert James Burns introduced the transformation leadership theory. As per Bass, transformation leadership can be identified when leaders and followers cooperate in order to advance or change to a higher level of motivation. Therefore through the strength of their personality and vision, the leaders can inspire followers to change perceptions, expectation and motivation to work to attain a common goal. There are also four components of transformations leadership theory; 1. Intellectual stimulation arises when the leader motivates the followers to explore new ways of doing things and invent new opportunities to learn. Individual consideration that  involves encouraging and offering support to individual followers 2. Inspirational motivation arises when the leaders have a clear perspective that they can articulate to followers. 3. Idealized influence occurs when the followers emulate and internalize the leaders ideas that they usually respect and trust as their role model. Situational Leadership Theory Situational leadership theory was developed by a professor known as Paul Hersey. The fundamental underpinning situational leadership theory is that leadership depends on each situation. Therefore, there is no single leadership style that can be considered the best. A good leader is the one who can adapt to his or her objectives and goals in accomplishing his leadership. In fact, the capacity to assume responsibility, education, experience and goal setting are the main factors that make a leader successful. Also, the maturity or ability of the followers is a critical factor as well which facilitate good leadership.

Greek mathematician Pythagoras Essay Example for Free

Greek mathematician Pythagoras Essay Pythagoras was a Greek philosopher and mathematician. He was born in Samos, Ionia around 580 b.c. Thales, who was another philosopher was the main teacher of Pythagoras. Pythagoras went to study further in Egypt so Thales couldnt teach him anymore. In Pythagoras teenage years, he began to become known for his philosophic ideas. He also succeeded in math, astronomy, wrestling, and music. In music, he figured out that when a string is vibrating, the longer or shorter it is makes a difference in the tune of the note. In astronomy, he taught that the earth was a sphere, and in math he compared the difference between composite and prime numbers, discovered irrational numbers, and proved the Pythagorean Theorem. This stated that when the two shorter sides in a right triangle were squared and then added, it would equal the square of the longest side or hypotenuse. This was known earlier, but he was the first one to really prove it was true. He soon moved from his home in Italy to a place called Crotona. In Crotona, he found a wife named Theano and founded a school based on philosophy and religion. While in Crotona he discovered many things and even had some followers. Pythagoras followers called themselves the Pythagoreans. In order to become a Pythagorean , you had to follow a couple of strict rules. One of the rules was silence. This meant that you could never share any of your own ideas with the others and that you could only listen to your fellow Pythagoreans. Another rule was avoiding the ingestion of meat. An interesting thing about his school was that if you joined you were automatically a Pythagorean so that meant if you were a student, youd have to obey the rules also. His followers also believed in reincarnation. Reincarnation- when one dies, their soul is transferred to another human beings body. Pythagoras died in Metapontum, Lucania in 500 b.c. Historians think that he  fled and just barely escaped death when violence broke out in Crotona. When he died, a lot of his ideas were forgotten. We will always miss our dear Pythagorus.

Management Of Strategic Policy In Education Education Essay

Management Of Strategic Policy In Education Education Essay What is sport. According to the Concise Oxford Online Dictionary, sport is being described as an activity which involves the physical exertion and skill in which a person or team competes against one another. Sports should be included as part of a whole in a students life. Sports can actually benefits in health and also train one to develop skills like teamwork as they can be the leaders among the students in the sport team. As such, Berry Berry Easy blog claimed that their readers have actually benefitted from their participation in various sports which they most voluntarily participated in the sports of their choice. But in the current era, students are not being active in sports and they need to be forced in order to get them into sports. They prefer playing online games where there is no much physical exertion involves. As so, taking this matter into the consideration, our Ministry of Education in Malaysia have come up with a policy. We would like to highlight the latest 1Student 1Sport policy which is being introduced by the Ministry of Education in Malaysia. This policy is being introduced in the hope that we can produce more students who are well balanced in both academic and sports. Policy implementation, Dye (2002) indicates that implementation involves all of the activities designed to carry out the policies enacted by the legislative branch. These activities include the creation of new organizations like departments, agencies, bureaus, and so on, or the assignment of new responsibilities to existing organizations. These organizations must translate laws into operational rules and regulations. They must hire personnel, draw up contracts, spend money, and perform tasks. All of these activities involve decisions by bureaucrats decisions that determine policy. Definition According the 1M1S Guidebook, it states that One Student One Sport Policy (1M1S) requires all the students to participate in at least one sport activity in schools. This policys main aim is to support the implementation and in line with the National Education Philosophy that focuses to produce individuals who are physically, spiritually, intellectually and emotionally balanced. This policy is in line with the National Sport Policy, which emphasized on the Sports for All and Sports for Excellence. 1M1S policy program requires every student from Standard 4 in primary schools up to Form 6 in secondary school to complete at least one sporting activity conducted in a planned and systematic way. 1S 1M policy is based on the basic principles of physical development of pupils. Hence, 1S 1M policy is created to provide access for all pupils to benefit from participation in sports in particular to those who were less active or not; develop a school sport towards increasing the participation rate of students in at least one sport in schools; and to provide opportunities for all students who are talented and have the potential to be polished to a higher level. (1M1S Guidebook, 2011) According the 1M1S Guidebook, a sport is very important in building up the physical ability of pupils to support and in line with the phrase Minda yang Cerdas terletak pada Tubuh yang Sihat which means an intelligent mind lies within a healthy body. In this circumstance, sports play an important role in nurturing an active, productive and healthy human in order to be able to contribute to the economic development as well as to the social welfare. Thus, a variety of sports were introduced in order to attract the students practicing an active and healthy lifestyle. Ministry of Education (MoE) implemented 1S1M policy so that every student benefits and gets to enjoy the sports in hope of forming the next generation of sports culture in line with the academic requirements (1M1S Guidebook, 2011). Theory and Concept In short, the elite theory is viewed as the preferences and values of governing elite. As said by Dye (2002), public officials and administrators merely carry out the policies decided on by the elite. Policies flow downward from elites to masses; the policy does not arise from mass demands. This elite theory instigates the top-down approach in the policy implementation process. Educational development and policy in Malaysia have always been characterized by governments effort to adapt education to address to social, economic and political development needs of the country. The Malaysian education system is a highly centralized and bureaucratic system where most of the important policy decision making occurs outside the schools. The MoE decides on the allocation of funds to schools, prescribes and standardizes what should be taught in schools, transfers teachers in and out of schools and formulates top-down school reforms (Zabidi, 2012). Approaches and Models According to PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006), there are three generations of implementation research that can be categorized into three distinct theoretical approaches in order to study the implementation. The first model described by PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006) will be the top-down models in which their emphasis rely on the ability of the decision makers to produce unambiguous policy objectives and on controlling the implementing stage. The second will be the bottom-up models in which it critiques and view the local bureaucrats as the main actors in the policy delivery and conceive of implementation as negotiation processes within networks among the implementers. And lastly the synthesizer theories in which it tries to overcome the divide between the two approaches by incorporating elements of top-down and bottom-up theoretical models. In this case study, we are considering the Top-down theory as we believe that all policies implemented in Malaysia are based on the Top-down theory. It is always been that the policy makers who are the government will annouce the policy that they have planned and let the implementers who are the teachers to implement the policy accordingly. In an article taken from TheStar online dated 18th March 2010, The Deputy Prime Minister Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin, said that sports will be introduced to school timetables in year 2011 as a new subject. He also mentioned that under the 1Student, 1Sport policy, secondary school students would get 90 minutes a week to play a game of their choice, while primary pupils would spend 60 minutes weekly. He emphasized that the Physical Education subject would still be taught as it had a specific syllabus. This shows that the Minister is giving the suggestion and also assurance of what the students will get out of the 1M1S policy when it is being implemented. In an article taken from TheStar online dated 14th July 2010, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin mentioned We have informed our officers on the appropriate ways to implement this at both primary and secondary school levels, as students of different ages have a different approach to sports, at a press conference after opening the Second Asean Schools Games at the Kuala Lumpur Football Stadium. This shows that the Malaysia uses the Top-down theory in implementing the 1M1S policy. This excerpt defines that the Ministers cabinet was told on how to implement this policy in schools to cater the needs of different levels of students. Above mentioned articles shows the scenario happening in Malaysia where the Deputy Prime Minister also the Education Minister, Tan Sri Muhyiddin Yassin announces the 1M1S policy in public behalf of the Education Ministry board. This claim can be supported by the top-down theories started from the assumption that policy implementation starts with a decision made by central government as said by PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006). As PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006) mentioned, the top downers essentially followed a prescriptive approach that interpreted policy as input and implementation as output factors. The author also mentioned due to their emphasis on decisions of central policy makers, deLeon (2001) describes top-down approaches as a governing elite phenomenon. PÃ ¼lzl and Treib (2006) also claimed that Press and Wildavsky started from the assumption that policy objectives are set out by central policy makers in which it refers to the the Ministry of Education. The authors also underlined the linear relationship between agreed policy goals and their implementation. Implementation therefore implied the establishment of adequate bureaucratic procedures to ensure that policies are executed as accurately as possible. To this end, implementing agencies should have sufficient resources at their disposal, and there needs to be a system of clear responsibilities and hierarchical control to supervise the actions of implementers (PÃ ¼lzl and Treib, 2006). This can be seen that the Malaysia Education Ministry assumes the 1M1S policy formation and execution as disticnt activities in which the 1M1S policy is set at the higher levels and then sent out the order of implementation to their lower level bureaucrats who are the implementing agencies; the ed ucation officers in all levels (state,district and school) which are then charged with the managerial, administrative and technical tasks of putting the 1M1S policy into practice. The MoE also gives the time to accomplish the implementation without considering the sufficient resources that needed to ensure the implementation to succeed. Some selected models of policymaking are taken into consideration before implementing the 1M1S policy via top-down approach. The first model that is taken into consideration is the institutionalism model where the model treats the policy as institutional output. According to Dye (2002), the relationship between the public policy and government institutions is very close in which the policy is authoritatively determined, implemented and enforced by government institutions, namely Parliament, Prime Minister, bureaucracies and so on. In accordance to this model, 1M1S policy is being authoritatively determined and enforced by the MoE. The second model that counts is the rationalism model which treats the policy as maximum social gain. Dye (2002), stated that no policy should be adopted if its costs exceed its benefits. The policy is considered rational when the difference between the values it achieves and the values it sacrifices is positive and is greater than any other policy alternatives. Reflecting from this models point of view in this 1M1S policy, the outcome in future will be beneficial to the country as this policy will produce more talented sports people in various sports activities, get participated in many international games and making our country proud by winning more medals in various games. Implementation Techniques Utilized In the case of 1 Student 1 Sport (1M1S) policy, information provision technique is highly utilized. The provision of information is an essential element of the functioning of any community. Providing information in a timely and targeted manner can be a huge benefit. Without a means to provide facts and data, policy implementers would not be able to make well-considered decisions about how the policy should be operated. The 1M1S Policy Implementation Handbook was published in order to help policy implementers with the dispersion of the policy. Through the handbook, the states education office, the districts education office, the schools sport development committee, the teachers, as well as the Parents Teachers Associations, are given guidelines on how to employ the policy. School sports program implementation under 1M1S policy is to be conducted throughout the year. However, schools are encouraged to plan the implementation of sports programs in accordance with the availability, affordability and creativity and innovation the schools. There are a total of 42 different sports/games intended for the implementation of the 1M1S. The policy makers also proposed some sports activities to be carried out throughout the year. For example general sports programs which includes cross-country, and track and field. In the handbook, 15 strategies in carrying out the 1M1S policy were also presented. Every school is recommended to follow the strategies presented depending on the facility and the existing infrastructure in schools. Schools are given the flexibility to choose, determine or modify the method of execution as appropriate, means and needs of the school. Schools may also plan other methods if deemed appropriate. Some examples of those strategies would be to undertake survey to identify student interest in certain sports, survey of sports facilities in and outside the school that can be used by students, and scheduling school sports program activities in accordance with the appropriate time based on the background and school facilities. The Ministry of Education also provided sports training modules for school sports club advisory teachers. Currently there are 20 training modules for 10 different sports are made available for both primary and secondary schools through the MoEs website. These modules are helpful as guidelines for sports club advisory teachers and trainers, and are also useful as visual aids for students in the course of their training. The management guideline for track and field (athletics) championships in school is also made available in the MoEs website. This is useful as it will aid teachers especially novice teachers in managing athletics championships in school, as it provides proper guidance. Professional circulars, and sports and co-curriculum press letters are also given out by the MoE from time to time, in order to steer policy implementers towards achieving the goal of the policy. Thus it is evident that, in the implementation of 1M1S, the policy makers rely heavily on information provision as an instrument of policy implementation. Implementers Involved There are many implementers involved in the diffusion of 1 Student 1 Sport. As the students are the target group for the policy, the school itself is the main implementer of the policy. The school must hold competitions between levels, classes, sports houses, dorms, and sports clubs of schools. The students participation in the District School Sports Council (Majlis Sukan Sekolah-Sekolah Daerah [MSSD]) or State School Sports Council (MSSM) competitions as well as on international level are counted as 1Student 1Sport activities. But who is the school? Who is responsible for all those competition? Every school has a School Sports Development Committee. Teachers are a big part of the implementers involved. Teachers are appointed as heads of smaller managing committees, sports/club advisors, and also trainers. This is indeed a great challenge for teachers, as they are already laden with other school tasks. The Co-curricular Senior Assistant Teacher is also an important implementer figure. The Co-curricular Senior Assistant Teacher is responsible for the smooth administration of the co-curricular activities, enhancing student performance as well as the involvement and participation of teachers in extra-curricular activities. Moreover, they are also responsible to work with the Parents Teachers Association (PTA) of the schools regarding co-curriculum matters, who are the implementers involved as well. Parents Teachers Associations are also integral to the implementation of the policy. With support and provisions by the PTA, it can provide insights and lessen the burden of the teachers in the diffusion of the policy. The Chairman of the School Sports Development Committee is the principal/headmaster of the schools. The District Education Office acts as the advisor, while the State Education Office is the Patron of the School Sports Development Committee. The Principal monitors the operation of the policy at the school level. They then report to the District Education Office, and then the District Education Office reports to the State Education Office. These policy implementers face the reality of promoting the learning of sports to groups of students, with all their diversity and complexity. Moreover each context creates a set of variable with which policy implementers must contend, and policy initiators are often unaware or unimpressed. Policy makers and policy implementers want the same things the best possible educational sports experience for students. These implementers are important in assuring the success of the 1M1S policy diffusion. Monitoring Monitoring helps to access degrees of compliance, discover unintended consequences of policies and programs, identify implementational obstacles and constraints, and locate sources of responsibility for departures from policy. (Dunn, 1994). According to Dunn, there are 2 levels of monitoring: Macroimplementation Monitoring and Microimplementation Monitoring. Macroimplementation monitoring consists of tracing the process by which a policy progresses from legislation to action in order to determine: (i) what is being implemented, (ii) why is it taking a particular form, and (iii) what actions can be taken to influence implementation. Microimplementation monitoring consists of collecting information to describe the a policy has taken in various implementing jurisdictions in order to determine: (i) the extent of compliance, (ii) the adaptation a policy has undergone, (iii) reasons for noncompliance and adaptation, and (iv) manipulatable aspects of implementation. Monitoring of the implementation of the management of 1M1S by the school management is part of the strategy to evaluate and ensure the success and effectiveness of sporting activities undertaken. This aims to examine aspects of management and use of equipment, regulatory compliance, health, safety and welfare and student participation in school sports program. The monitoring process shall be conducted by the school management throughout the year. Improvements are to be carried out by the school from time to time to ensure the implementation of the 1M1S. Policy Problems Policy problems are unrealized needs, values, or opportunities for improvement that may be pursued through public action, as defined by David Dery. According to Russell A. Ackoff, policy problems are products of thought acting on environments; they are elements of problems situation. William N. Dunn also stated that policy problems are the products of subjective human judgment. There are three questions to be considered about the nature of policy problems, as suggested by William N. Dunn. How well do we understand the problem? Have we identified the right objectives? Are we solving the wrong formulation of problem when we should be solving the right one? Problems Encountered in One Student One Sport The availability of school infrastructure School infrastructure is the prior fundamental requirement for the success implementation of the policy One Student One Sport. Schools should have provided adequate sports facilities and equipment to maximize the opportunities of physical activities. Lacking of space, playing fields, sports equipment will cause the deficiency of the policy. Moreover, the variation of sports and its equipment is much limited in schools. Schools in Malaysia which have already established for years inevitably needed an upgrading. The readiness of teachers as sports trainers Teachers are undoubtedly the implementers of the policy, which is to be the sports trainers in schools. Their readiness in terms of physically, mentally or technically is dubious indeed. Most teachers who are involved are assigned by the management of schools. They do not have relevant qualification in sports coaching or physical education. It is a setback for them to coach students instructionally appropriate. The implementation of this policy should not be just letting students to play any sport they wish as usual. The choices of sports in schools The choices of sports in schools are limited as the sports facilities and equipment are not adequate. For those existing sports facilities and equipment in schools, some of them are not well maintained too. As the policy One Student One Sport focuses on students, it is crucial to take in students personal interest of the particular sports into consideration. Hence, the choices of sports in schools are most probably in short supply to cater for students need in their selected physical activities. The different abilities of students Students physical ability is one essential factor to be reflected in the policy of One Student One Sport. Students with strong physical ability or competence will be motivated to participate actively in sports and thus bringing this policy a success. Nevertheless, students who have low physical competence will be marginalized as they are not able to enjoy the sports activities in schools. As a result, they lose interest in sports and this policy becomes an extra burden in their schooling days. The ratio between the number of students and teachers The ratio between students and teachers is an influence factor towards the policy attainment. In most schools, the number of teachers is far more exceeding the number of students. The number of students as participants is not meeting the expected amount. Students tend to defend their absence or nonparticipation by giving all sorts of excuses. The lack of support from parents Parents support directly impacts on the policy of One Student One Sport; either it is a bane or boon. Parents support helps students in developing their interest in sports. However, parents nowadays place a strong emphasis on academic excellence of their children. Students who are examination oriented failed to be beneficial from the policy. Solutions of the policy problems Solution of the policy problems produce information about the likelihood that future courses of action will result in consequences that are valuable to some individual, group or society as a whole, as stated by William N. Dunn. He added that this process engages between the transformations of information about policy futures to action which will then come in valued results. Any solution to the policy problems must be actionable, that is going beyond the fact and involving actions that aim to satisfy need, values and opportunities for improvement, (Alexander George, 1980). Solutions to the Problems Encountered in One Student One Sport Increase the allocation of sports fund in schools Allocation of sports funds in schools should be increased in order to improve on the schools infrastructure. Sports facilities and equipment have to be expanded in terms of quantity, whereas the existing facilities and equipment should be upgraded, especially in their quality. Variation of sports activities should be added in as well as introduced in schools for students. By having a variety of choices, students can have better chance to develop their interest in sports. As a result, the number of students who participate in sports will be raised. Select the right teachers as sports trainers Teachers have to be equipped with high quality coaching skills for the particular sports that they are in charged with. Students need to master the basic skills in their chosen sports as a kick start for their development of interest in sports through teachers coaching. Therefore, teachers as sports trainers have to be instructionally skilled in certain sports. Expertise and technical skills of sports trainers make a difference in students life. Schools management can provide sufficient supports to teachers as a mean to enhance their enthusiasm of being sports trainers in schools. Incorporate sports as part of academic Sports can be incorporated as part of academic as a way to encourage students to be more actively engaged in it. Sports can be integrated in schooling hours, but not to be in the extension of schooling hours. This is hopefully to re-gather the support of parents to encourage their childrens participation. It is intended to minimize the inconvenience of sending their children back to school after schooling hours. Furthermore, sports activities can be accountable for higher percentage in students academic as to counter the problem of examination oriented mindset, either of the students or the parents. Conclusion Every policy started off with a noble purpose. However, the process of implementing it in reality is what it really matters after all. It is not to say that the noble purposes are there to defend any deficiency of the outcomes. Hence, policy in action is what to be the main focus. Undeniably, the evaluation of policy comes after the implementation over a period of time. Problems are identified and then followed by recommended solution. It is a process, a cycle which keeps going on. Sport is an integral part in ones life. One Student One Sport is a policy with the vision of creating a balance and healthy lifestyle among students. It is indeed a well plan policy which seen to be a complete one for the society, schools, teachers and students. Nevertheless, to implement any policy in Malaysia, it has to be confronted with all aspects considering the fact of every school where it will be the setting of the policy implementation. One policy is not to be able to fulfil every ones need.

The Irony of William Shakespeares Othello Essay -- William Shakespear

The Irony of William Shakespeare's Othello Irony plays a great role in ?The Tragedy of Othello?. The villain, Iago, plans from the very beginning of the play to ruin Othello?s life. All the major characters in the play believe that Iago is an honest and trustworthy person. The tragic irony is that Iago fools them all. Throughout the whole play Iago manipulates the people around him and lies to them. Iago is very distressed, because Michael Cassio was promoted to Othello?s lieutenant instead of himself. This is Iago?s main reason for revenge against Othello. Iago?s plan is to manipulate Cassio and Desdemona, so that it would appear that they are having an affair; which would break Othello?s heart. Iago does succeed in his plan, because, ironically, everyone in the play believes all his actions and advisements are just, true, and from the heart. Irony, thus, plays a role in the deception of Othello by Iago and in the tragedy of Othello?s response. The irony of the play is demonstrated through situational, verbal, and dramatic i rony. There are many cases of these three types of irony in the play. When situational, verbal, and dramatic irony are used in conjunction; the effect is one of great tragedy and loss. Situational irony is when ?the result of an action is the reverse of what the actor expected?(Literary Terms, e-text). There are several cases of situational irony in ?The Tragedy of Othello.? The first case is in Act I Scene III. Brabantio warns Othello of Desdemona?s deceptiveness. Othello says to this, ?my life upon her faith?(1. 3. 293). This statement means that Othello believes in Desdemona?s honesty and loyalty so much that he would give up his life if she were untrue. This is ironic, because later on in the play... ...nation of situational, verbal, and dramatic irony is very useful in creating an overall feeling of loss and catastrophe in the play. The role of irony in the play is to create the loss of a great potential in the play. The audience can see that because of Othello?s tragic trust in Iago, miscommunication occurs and disaster follows. The characters, Othello, Desdemona, Cassio, Emilia, and Roderigo are all intimately close to Iago, and are all manipulated by him. Because of Iago?s reputation of being trustworthy and honest, the characters believe in him without doubt, and that brings about the destruction of Othello and on a greater level; the disintegration of social order. Bibliography: Shakespeare, William. ?The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice?. The Riverside Anthology of Literature. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1997, 1102-1195.

The Purpose of Education :: School Learning Educating Essays Papers

The Purpose of Education I suppose the reasons that brought me to St. Olaf in 2003 were shared by many middle to upper class Midwestern kids who had just graduated from high school. We played by the rules and our learning styles fit well into the public education system (and maybe we were fairly smart too), so we had a piece of paper saying that we had a good GPA. Our parents had been grooming us for College ever since we were little, making us fill out practice applications and going out of their way to drive us past the U of M on our way anywhere. We knew the rules: If you don’t get the degree, you’ll end up living in your parent’s basement and cleaning toilets for a living or pregnant (or, GASP, both!!). Those seemed like the only two options at the time sans degree. Plus, at least in my case, I had a big sister at St. Olaf and I liked books and was motivated. All in all, it was just expected of me and I was ok with it. Then, however, the summer after a very experimental and not extremely educational freshman year, I spent a summer working on an organic farm near Stillwater, MN and discovered what it felt like to truly learn. Not just reading some book because I HAD to and then regurgitate the information back out on a test, but questing for information and experiences because plants were FASCINATING and learning to drive a tractor was empowering and farming was complex, elegant, challenging and above all, very very real. For a suburban kid who didn’t know what a tomato plant looked like and never had seen the inside of any machine, learning how to grow food, the most necessary thing in life besides water, was the most relevant experience I’d ever had. For the first time in my life, I wasn’t doing something because I needed the grade or the approval; I was doing it because it interested me. So then I decided I needed to drop out of school. Enough with this book stuff, how does this ever relate to real life? Why do I need to know about Christianity in the 7 th century or the philosophical thoughts of dead white men or about the inner workings of the Krebs cycle I want to dig in the dirt, I want to learn about how to keep squash bugs off my cucurbits, and I want to fix fences and tractors. The Purpose of Education :: School Learning Educating Essays Papers The Purpose of Education I suppose the reasons that brought me to St. Olaf in 2003 were shared by many middle to upper class Midwestern kids who had just graduated from high school. We played by the rules and our learning styles fit well into the public education system (and maybe we were fairly smart too), so we had a piece of paper saying that we had a good GPA. Our parents had been grooming us for College ever since we were little, making us fill out practice applications and going out of their way to drive us past the U of M on our way anywhere. We knew the rules: If you don’t get the degree, you’ll end up living in your parent’s basement and cleaning toilets for a living or pregnant (or, GASP, both!!). Those seemed like the only two options at the time sans degree. Plus, at least in my case, I had a big sister at St. Olaf and I liked books and was motivated. All in all, it was just expected of me and I was ok with it. Then, however, the summer after a very experimental and not extremely educational freshman year, I spent a summer working on an organic farm near Stillwater, MN and discovered what it felt like to truly learn. Not just reading some book because I HAD to and then regurgitate the information back out on a test, but questing for information and experiences because plants were FASCINATING and learning to drive a tractor was empowering and farming was complex, elegant, challenging and above all, very very real. For a suburban kid who didn’t know what a tomato plant looked like and never had seen the inside of any machine, learning how to grow food, the most necessary thing in life besides water, was the most relevant experience I’d ever had. For the first time in my life, I wasn’t doing something because I needed the grade or the approval; I was doing it because it interested me. So then I decided I needed to drop out of school. Enough with this book stuff, how does this ever relate to real life? Why do I need to know about Christianity in the 7 th century or the philosophical thoughts of dead white men or about the inner workings of the Krebs cycle I want to dig in the dirt, I want to learn about how to keep squash bugs off my cucurbits, and I want to fix fences and tractors.

Childhood Conduct Disorder Essay -- Diseases/Disorders

Introduction: A History and Brief Overview of Conduct Disorder Conduct Disorder has been a part of the American Psychological Association’s Diagnostic Statistical Manuel (DSM) since its original release date in 1994. Although, there is new information about the disorder that was previously unknown, Conduct Disorder is distinguished by a â€Å"repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate norms or rules are violated† (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) This mild, moderate, or severe antisocial behavior begins to appear either in childhood, categorized as early-onset conduct disorder , or in adolescence after ten years of age, classified as adolescent-onset conduct disorder (Passamonti et al., 2010.) The criteria to meet to be diagnosed with this disorder are separated into four subgroups: aggressive conduct, nonaggressive conduct, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of the rules. Three or more incidents must be present in the past twelve months with at le ast one of the characteristics being present in the past six months. This disorder causes severe impairment of functioning across a variety of situations so it is important to keep in mind society and individual situations because this diagnosis may be â€Å"misapplied to individuals in settings where patterns of undesirable behavior are sometimes viewed as protective† (American Psychiatric Association, 1994.) For example, a patient that has recently relocated from a war torn country would most likely not be a candidate for Conduct disorder even though he or she may exhibit some of the characteristics. An interesting distinction between the two subcategories is that those diagnosed with early-onset Conduct Dis... ...004). Childhood Adversity, Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype, and Risk for Conduct Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 738-744. Lahey et al. (2004). Predicting Future Antisocial Personality Disorder in Males from a Clinical Assessment in Childhood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 389-399. Maughn et al. (2004). Prenatal Smoking and Early Childhood Conduct Problems. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 836-843. Milich, R., Widiger, T. & Landau, S. (1987). Differential Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Disorder Using Conditional Probabilities. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 726-767. Miller, G. E. & Prinz, R. J. (1990). Enhancement of Social Learning Family Interventions for Childhood Conduct Disorder. Psychological Bulletin. Passamonti et al. (2010). Neural Abnormalities in Early-Onset and Adolescent-Onset Conduct Disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 729-738.

The Bermuda Triangle

â€Å"Only God and the Sea knows what happened to those great ships†- U. S. President Woodrow Wilson . By this quote Woodrow Wilson argues that while having so many incidents over the pass century within the area of the Bermuda Triangle; many people make inferences on what they believe is true , but no one actually knows the truth behind it all . The Bermuda Triangle is a triangular area of the North Atlantic Ocean and it lies between Miami ,Florida; San Juan, Puerto Rico, and of course the Island of Bermuda. The Bermuda Triangle is 140,000 Sq. miles in size . (Paranormal Encyclopedia . om) The Bermuda Triangle has become a controversial issue world wide. The Bermuda Triangle is a social issue due to: The history of it, Paranormal Activity, and how it has effected people in strange ways. . The Bermuda Triangle was first discussed by Christopher Columbus in the late 15th century . Christopher Columbus first wrote about it in a journal entry in 1492. He wrote that . â€Å" A Gr eat flame of fire crashed into the sea one night and that a strange light appeared a few weeks later. †After hearing this story many people thought it was a meteor and left the story alone for years and years.In 1918 when a Navy seal ship; the Cyclops with 300 men aboard and 10,000 tons ore on board sank somewhere between Barbados and Chesapeake Bay. However, the ship never sent out an SOS distress call. ( â€Å"But the region didn't get its name until August 1964, when Vincent Gaddis coined the term Bermuda Triangle in a cover story for Argosy magazine about the disappearance of Flight 19. †) The disappearance– of the aircraft (Flight 19) was flown by Amelia Earhart from Fort Lauderdale to start her (Around the World journey) but was never completed because in 1965 her plain had circumnavigation and disappeared within the Bermuda Triangle area.Strange history waled to the Bermuda Triangle has also led to many nicknames and paranormal theories. The Bermuda Triang le has many different names such as : â€Å"The Twilight Zone†, â€Å"Port of Missing Ships†, â€Å"Hoodoo Sea†, â€Å"Triangle Of Death†, â€Å"and â€Å"Limboo Of the Lost† but the most famous name is â€Å"The Devil's Triangle,†(TDT). They call it that because many people came up with the theory that the devil is at play and has a lot to do with the deaths within the Bermuda Triangle area.However others think that it's a black hole sucking the ships into another dimension or others theories state that the lost city of Atlantis and possibly UFO's (Unidentified Flying Object) have a lot to do with the disappearances. Many people have different answers but who are we to say if it's true or not . There has been record of proof to show that someone has survived a wreck in the Bermuda Triangle. People pass through The Bermuda Triangle everyday and come home alive (Cary Gordon) her plane lost control when flying over the Bermuda Triangle and sh e was able to control the plane and land it in Miami in 2007.There is still unknown information left unsolved about the Bermuda Triangle and many people are willing to continue their research until they find out the real mystery of the Bermuda Triangle. There has been stories of how the Bermuda Triangle has affected people in a lot of ways like in a book based on the Bermuda Triangle (â€Å"Secrets and Mysteries of the World†)- Author Sylvia Brown wrote that â€Å" My doctor friend reported seeing a pyramid crystal on the top under the water. He tried to get closer to it but was repelled by what seems to be an electric force that went through his body and apparently cured his cancer. In conclusion the Bermuda Triangle has been a social justice issue due to: paranormal activity; the history of it; and how it has effected people in many ways. The Bermuda Triangle is one of the most famous phenomena in history to have as many disappearances ;ship and plane wrecks in the history of wrecks. The Bermuda Triangle will be discussed for years to come due to it's controversy and many different theories. To the mystery is still left unsolved and still will be forever unknown until it has been solved.

Forward the Foundation Chapter 19

17The cosmopolitan had had a grown night and so, by of apprehension, had the col integrityl. They faced to each ane different no.-each at a loss.The everyday give tongue to, Tell me again what this charwo human race beingshood did.Linn seemed to give a heavy weight on his shoulders. Shes The Tiger Woman. Thats what they c either her. She doesnt seem to be sort of human, roughhow. Shes virtu whatsoevery sort of im perhaps trained athlete, full of self-confidence, and, General, shes quite sc atomic depend 18 finishing.Did she frighten you? A single woman? permit me order you scarcely what she did and let me differentiate you a few different involvements rough her. I dont admit how true alto h quondam(a) outher the stories or so her atomic number 18, exactly what happened yesterday level is true enough.He told the story again and the General listened, puffing out his cheeks.Bad, he tell. What do we do?I see our course is plain before us. We requisi te psychohistory-Yes, we do, said the General. Seldon told me whateverthing more or less tax r yetue that- entirely neer mind. That is beside the point at the mo plyforcet. Go on.Linn, who, in his troubled state of mind, had each(prenominal)owed a humbled fragment of impatience to show on his face, continued, As I utter, we want psychohistory without Seldon. He is, in alone case, a used-up man. The to a greater extent than than I study him, the more than I see an older scholar who is biography on his past deeds. He has had or so thirty eld to pee a success of psychohistory and he has failed. Without him, with rising men at the helm, psychohistory may advance more rapidly.Yes, I agree. Now what about the woman? substanti tout ensembley, thither you ar. We delivernt productionn her into consideration because she has been e rattlingplacec atomic number 18ful to remain in the background. But I well-setly suspect now that it pass on be difficult, perchance impossible, to remove Seldon gently and without implicating the g everyplacenment, as eagle-eyed as the woman remains alive.Do you really conceptualise that she result mangle you and me-if she hark backs we have for harmed her man? said the General, his mouth twisting in contempt.I really hark back she will and that she will start a lawlessness as well. It will he exactly as she promised.You are turning into a coward.General, please. I am translateing to be valid. Im non backing off. We mustiness take care of this Tiger Woman. He paused persuasionfully. As a matter of fact, my sources pick up told me this and I admit to having paid far wishwise belittled attention to the matter.And how do you recover we derriere get release of her?Linn said, I dont admit. Then, more slowly, But some unmatched else king.18Seldon had had a bad night also, nor was the parvenu day promising to be frequently better. Thither werent to a fault m either mea veritable when Hari fe lt annoyed with Dors. But this cart releasege clip, he was very(prenominal) annoyed.He said, What a sappy thing to do Wasnt it enough that we were all staying at the Domes Edge Hotel? That al oneness and only(a) would build been sufficient to drive a paranoid ruler into thoughts of some sort of conspiracy.How? We were unarmed, Hari. It was a holiday affair, the final touch of your birthday jubilation. We posed no threat.Yes, solely at that placefore you carried out your invasion of the castling grounds. It was unforgivable. You raced to the Palace to come in with my session with the General, when I had specifi announcey-and several(prenominal) times-make it plain that I didnt want you thither. I had my own com reposeer programmes, you ac shaftledge.Dors said, Your desires and your orders and your plans all take scrap place to your resort. I was primarily concern about that.I was in no danger.That is not something I stick out carelessly assume. in that location dev ote been deuce attempts on your life. What makes you retrieve at that place wont be a third?The two attempts were made when I was First Minister. I was probably price killing whence. Who would want to kill an elderly mathematician?Dors said, Thats exactly what I want to use up out and thats what I want to stop. I must begin by doing some questioning right here at the intention.No. You will simply be upsetting my the great unwashed. Leave them whole.Thats exactly what I chiffoniert do. Hari, my job is to protect you and for twenty-eight categorys Ive been on the job(p) at that. You cannot stop me now.Something in the blaze of her eyes made it quite gain that, whatever Seldons desires or orders superpower be, Dors intended to do as she pleased.Seldons safety came first.19May I baffle you, Yugo?Of course, Dors, said Yugo Amaryl with a large smile. You are never an interruption. What can I do for you?I am arduous to ar reliever out a few things, Yugo, and I wonder if you would humor me in this.If I can.You flummox something in the befuddle called the meridian beamy. I hear it now and thus. Hari speaks of it, so I calculate I know what it looks like when it is activated, besides I gain never actually seen it in operation. I would like to.Amaryl looked uncomfortable. in truth the gush glad is yet about the most most guarded part of the pouch and you arent on the list of the pieces who ready access.I know that, yet weve known each other for twenty-eight years-And youre Haris wife. I suppose we can stretch a point. We only shoot two full hot flash Radiants. in that respects one in Haris office and one here. rightly there, in fact.Dors looked at the squat mysterious cube on the central desk. It looked abruptly undistinguished. Is that it?Thats it. It stores the equations that describe the emerging.How do you get at those equations?Amaryl moved a penetrate and at once the room darkened and hence came to life in a multicolor glo w. All around Dors were symbols, arrows, mathematical signs of one sort or some other. They seemed to be moving, helical, just now when she focused her eyes on either grumpy mountain, it seemed to be standing still.She said, Is that the future, consequentlyce?It may be, said Amaryl, turning off the instrument. I had it at full elaboration so you could see the symbols. Without expansion, zero is viewable scarce patterns of light and dark.And by analyse those equations, you are able to judge what the future holds in store for us?In theory. The room was now back to its routine appearance. But there are two difficulties.Oh? What are they?To begin with, no human mind has created those equations directly. We have simply spend decades programming more powerful computers and they have devised and stored the equations, and, of course, we dont know if they are valid and have meaning. It depends entirely on how valid and significant the programming is in the first place.They c ould be all wrong, then?They could be. Amaryl rubbed his eyes and Dors could not help cogitateing how old and shopworn he seemed to have grown in the coating couple of years. He was younger than Hari by nearly a cardinal years, and he seemed much older.Of course, Amaryl went on in a rather wear down voice, we hope that they arent all wrong, just now thats where the sulphur difficulty comes in. Although Hari and I have been test and modifying them for decades, we can never be sure what the equations mean. The computer has constructed them, so it is to be presumed they must mean something-but what? There are portions that we signify we have change stateed out. In fact, right now, Im spring on what we call Section A-23, a particularly knotty formation of relationships. We have not yet been able to parallel it with eachthing in the real Universe. Still, each year sees us further advanced and I look forward confidently to the introduction of psychohistory as a legitima te and utile technique for dealing with the future.How many an(prenominal) bulk have access to these f swallow Radiants? all(prenominal) mathematician in the Project has access but not at will. There have to be applications and time allotted and the charge Radiant has to be adjusted to the portion of the equations a mathematician wishes to refer to. It gets a little complicated when everyone wants to use the Prime Radiant at the same time. Right now, things are slow, possibly because were still in the moment of Haris birthday celebration.Is there any plan for constructing additional Prime Radiants?Amaryl thrust out his lips. Yes and no. It would be very useful if we had a third, but someone would have to be in charge of it. It cant just be a community possession. I have suggested to Hari that Tamwile Elar-you know him, I cerebrate- Yes, I do.That Elar have a third Prime Radiant. His achaotic equations and the Electro-Clarifier he thought up make him distinctly the third man in the Project after Hari and myself. Hari hesitates, however. wherefore? Do you know?If Elar gets one, he is openly recognised as the third man, over the mental capacity of other mathematicians who are older and who have more senior status in the Project. There might be some political difficulties, so to speak. I forecast that we cant waste time in bedevilment about internal politics, but Hari-Well, you know Hari.Yes, I know Hari. Suppose I tell you that Linn has seen the Prime Radiant.Linn?Colonel Hender Linn of the junta. Tennars lackey.I un ac course creditedty that very much, Dors.He has spoken of spiraling equations and I have just seen them produced by the Prime Radiant. I cant help but estimate hes been here and seen it working.Amaryl move his head, I cant imagine anyone channeling a member of the junta into Haris office-or mine.Tell me, who in the Project do you think is capable of working with the junta in this fashion?No one, said Amaryl flatly and with clearly un fathomable faith. That would be unthinkable. Perhaps Linn never maxim the Prime Radiant but was still told about it.Who would tell him about it?Amaryl thought a moment and said, No one.Well now, you talked about internal politics a while ago in contact with the possibility of Elar having a third Prime Radiant. I suppose in a Project such as this one with hundreds of passel, there are little feuds spill on all the time- clashs-quarrels.Oh yes. Poor Hari talks to me about it every once in a while. He has to deal with them in one centering or another and I can well imagine what a headache it must be for him. atomic number 18 these feuds so bad that they interfere with the working of the Project?not seriously.Are there any race who are more quarrelsome than others or any duo draw more wrath than others? In short, are there people you can get rid of and perhaps remove 90 percent of the friction at the cost of 5 or 6 percent of the psychenel?Amaryl brocaded his eyebrows. It so unds like a computable idea, but I dont know whom to get rid of. I dont really participate in all the minutiae of internal politics. Theres no flair of stopping it, so for my part, I merely avoid it.Thats rum, said Dors. Arent you in this manner denying any credibility to psychohistory?In what trend?How can you pretend to reach a point where you can predict and engineer the future, when you cannot analyze and correct something as native as ad hominem frictions in the very Project that promises so much?Amaryl chuckled softly. It was unusual, for he was not a man who was addicted to humor and laughter. Im sorry, Dors, but you picked on the one problem that we have solved, after a manner of speaking. Hari himself identified the equations that rep dislikeed the difficulties of personal friction years ago and I myself then added the final touch cobblers last year.I found that there were ways in which the equations could be changed so as to indicate a reduction in friction. In e very such case, however, a reduction in friction here meant an amplify in friction there. never at any time was there a total decrease or, for that matter, a total increase in the friction within a closed group-that is, one in which no old members lead and no new members come in. What I proved, with the help of Elars achaotic equations, was that this was true despite any conceivable action anyone could take. Hari calls it the law of preservation of personal problems.It gave rise to the notion that brotherly dynamics has its conservation laws as natural philosophy does and that, in fact, it is these laws that offer us the high hat possible as well asls for solving the truly hard aspects of psychohistory.Dors said, Rather impressive, but what if you end up finding that nothing at all can be changed, that everything that is bad is conserved, and that to husband the Empire from destruction is merely to increase destruction of another kind?Actually some have suggested that, but I dont believe it.Very well. Back to reality. Is there anything in the frictional problems within the Project that threaten Hari? I mean, with physical harm. prostitute Hari? Of course not. How can you suggest such a thing?Might there not be some who resent Hari, for being too arrogant, too pushy, too self-absorbed, too eager to grab all the credit? Or, if none of these things apply, might they not resent him simply because he has pull out the Project for so long a time?I never comprehend anyone secernate such a thing about Hari.Dors seemed dissatisfied. I doubt that anyone would say such things in your hearing, of course. But convey you, Yugo, for being so helpful and for with child(p) me so much of your time.Amaryl stared after her as she left. He felt vaguely troubled, but then travel byed to his work and let other matters drift away.20One way Hari Seldon had (out of not too many ways) for move away from his work for a time was to visit Raychs apartment, just outside the university grounds. To do this invariably filled him with extol for his foster son. There were ample grounds. Raych had been good, capable, and loyal-but besides that was the strange woodland Raych had of inspiring trust and love in others.Hari had observed it when Raych was a twelve-year-old pathway boy, who somehow pulled at his own and at Dorss heartstrings. He remembered how Raych had affected Rashelle, the onetime city manager of Wye. Hari remembered how Joranum had trusted Raych, which led to his own destruction. Raych had tied(p) managed to win the heart of the beautiful Manella. Hari did not completely figure this particular quality that Raych embodied, but he enjoyed whatever contact he had with his foster son.He entered the apartment with his usual All well here?Raych put aside the holographic stuff he was working with and rose to acknowledge him, All well, tonic.I dont hear Wanda.For good reason. Shes out shopping with her mother.Seldon seated himself and looked g ood-humoredly at the chaos of reference material. Hows the admit glide path?Its doing fine. Its me who might not survive. He sighed. But for once, well get the straight poop on Dahl. Nobodys ever written a book devoted to that section, wouldja believe?Seldon had eternally say that, whenever Raych talked of his home sector, his Dahlite accent always strengthened.Raych said, And how are you, Dad? Glad the festivities are over?Enormously. I hated just about every minute of it.not so anyone could notice.Listen, I had to wear a masquerade of sorts. I didnt want to spoil the celebration for everyone else.You must have hated it when mummy chased after you onto the Palace grounds. Everyone I know has been talking about that.I certainly did hate it. Your mother, Raych, is the most wondrous person in the world, but she is very difficult to handle. She might have bungle my plans.What plans are those, Dad?Seldon settled back. It was always pleasant to speak to someone in whom he had tot al trust and who knew nothing about psychohistory. More than once he had bounced thoughts off Raych and had worked them out into more sensible forms than would have been the case if those same thoughts had been mulled over in his mind. He said, Are we protect?Always.Good. What I did was to set General Tennar thinking along curious lines.What lines?Well, I discussed tax a bit and pointed out that, in the effort to make taxation rest evenly on the population, it grew more and more decomposable, unwieldy, and costly. The obvious implication was that the tax system must be simplified.That seems to make sense.Up to a point, but it is possible that, as a result of our little discussion, Tennar may oversimplify. You see, taxation loses effectiveness at some(prenominal) extremes. Overcomplicate it and people cannot understand it and pay for an exceed and expensive tax organization. Oversimplify it and people consider it unfair and grow piercingly resentful. The plainst tax is a exam ine tax, in which every individual pays the same amount, but the unfairness of treating rich and poor equivalent in this way is too straightforward to overlook.And you didnt explain this to the General?Somehow, I didnt get a chance.Do you think the General will try a poll tax?I think he will plan one. If he does, the news program is bound to leak out and that alone would suffice to set off riots and possibly upset the government.And youve done this on purpose, Dad?Of course.Raych shook his head. I dont quite understand you, Dad. In your personal life, youre as unfermented and gentle as any person in the Empire. Yet you can designedly set up a topographic point in which there will be riots, suppression, deaths. Therell be a lot of handicap done, Dad. Have you thought of that?Seldon leaned back in his chair and said sadly, I think of nothing else, Raych. When I first began my work on psychohistory, it seemed a purely donnish piece of research to me. It was something that could not he worked out at all, in all likelihood, and, if it was, it would not be something that could be a lot applied. But the decades pass and we know more and more and then comes the terrible chirk up to apply it.So that people can die?No, so that fewer people can die. If our psychohistorical analyses are correct now, then the junta cannot survive for more than a few years and there are various alternative ways in which it can collapse. They will all he fairly bloody and desperate. This method-the taxation gimmick- should do it more smoothly and gently than any other if-I repeat-our analyses are correct.If theyre not correct, what then?In that case, we dont know what might happen. Still, psychohistory must reach the point where it can be used and weve been searching for years for something in which we have worked out the consequences with a certain assuredness and can find those consequences resistant as compared with alternatives. In a way, this taxation gimmick is the first gre at psychohistoric experiment.I must admit, it sounds like a simple one.It isnt. You have no idea how complex psychohistory is. Nothing is simple. The poll tax has been time-tested now and then throughout history. It is never popular and it invariably gives rise to confrontation of one form or another, but it almost never results in the untrained overthrow of a government. After all, the powers of governmental oppression may be too strong or there may be methods whereby the people can bring to bear their opposition in a peaceful manner and achieve redress. If a poll tax were invariably or even just sometimes fatal, then no government would ever try it. It is only because it isnt fatal that it is tried repeatedly. The position on Trantor is, however, not exactly normal. There are certain instabilities that seem clear in psychohistorical analysis, which make it seem that acerbity will be particularly strong and repression particularly weak.Raych sounded dubious. I hope it works, Da d, but dont you think that the General will say that he was working under psychohistorical advice and bring you down with him?I suppose he recorded our little session together, but if he publicizes that, it will show clearly that I urged him to wait till I could analyze the situation properly and piece a report-and he refused to wait.And what does mum think of all this?Seldon said, I havent discussed it with her. Shes off on another tangent altogether.Really?Yes. Shes trying to sniff out some dark conspiracy in the Project-aimed at me I imagine she thinks there are many people in the Project who would like to get rid of me. Seldon sighed. Im one of them, I think. I would like to get rid of me as director of the Project and desert the forgathering responsibilities of psychohistory to others.Raych said, Whats bugging Mom is Wandas dream. You know how Mom feels about protecting you. Ill bet even a dream about your dying would be enough to make her think of a murder conspiracy aga inst you.I certainly hope there isnt one.And at the idea of it both men laughed.21The small Electro-Clarification Laboratory was, for some reason, well-kept at a temperature somewhat lower than normal and Dors Venabili wondered idly why that might be. She sat quietly, waiting for the one occupier of the lab to finish whatever it was she was doing.Dors eyed the woman carefully. Slim, with a long face. Not exactly attractive, with her thin lips and receding jawline, but a look of intelligence shone in her dark brown eyes. The glowing nameplate on her desk said CINDA MONAY.She turned to Dors at last and said, My apologies, Dr. Venabili, but there are some procedures that cant be interrupted even for the wife of the director.I would have been disappointed in you if you had neglected the procedure on my behalf. I have been told some excellent things about you.Thats always nice to hear. Whos been praising me? preferably a few, said Dors. I gather that you are one of the most bragging(a) nonmathematicians in the Project.Monay winced. Theres a certain drift to divide the rest of us from the nobility of mathematics. My own feeling is that, if Im prominent, then Im a prominent member of the Project. It makes no loss that Im a nonmathematician.That certainly sounds reasonable to me. How long have you been with the Project?Two and a half years. Before that I was a graduate student in radiational physics at Streeling and, while I was doing that, I served a couple of years with the Project as an intern.Youve done well at the Project, I understand.Ive been promoted twice, Dr. Venabili.Have you encountered any difficulties here, Dr. Monay? whatsoever you say will be held confidential.The work is difficult, of course, but if you mean, have I thrash into any social difficulties, the answer is no. At least not any more than one would expect in any large and complex project, I imagine.And by that you mean?Occasional spats and quarrels. Were all human.But nothing serious?Mo nay shook her head. Nothing serious.My understanding, Dr. Monay, said Dors, is that you have been liable for the development of a device serious to the use of the Prime Radiant. It makes it possible to stuff much more information into the Prime Radiant.Monay broke into a radiant smile. Do you know about that? Yes, the Electro-Clarifier. After that was developed, prof Seldon established this small laboratory and put me in charge of other work in that direction.Im amazed that such an master(prenominal) advance did not bring you up into the higher echelons of the Project.Oh well, said Monay, looking a trifle embarrassed. I dont want to take all the credit. Actually my work was only that of a technician-a very skilled and yeasty technician, I like to think-but there you are.And who worked with you?Didnt you know? It was Tamwile Elar. He worked out the theory that made the device possible and I designed and built the actual instrument.Does that mean he took the credit, Dr. Monay?No no. You mustnt think that. Dr. Elar is not that kind of man. He gave me full credit for my share of the work. In fact, it was his idea to call the device by our label-both our names-but he couldnt.Why not?Well, thats Professor Seldons rule, you know. All devices and equations are to be give functional names and not personal ones-to avoid resentment. So the device is just the Electro-Clarifier. When were working together, however, he gives the device our names and, I tell you, Dr. Venabili, it sounds grand. Perhaps someday, all of the Project personnel office will use the personal name. I hope so.I hope so, too, said Dors politely. You make Elar sound like a very decent individual.He is. He is, said Monay earnestly. He is a assault to work for. Right now, Im working on a new version of the device, which is more powerful and which I dont quite understand. I mean, what its to be used for. However, hes directing me there.And are you making progress?Indeed. In fact, Ive given Dr. Ela r a prototype, which he plans to test. If it works out, we can proceed further.It sounds good, agreed Dors. What do you think would happen if Professor Seldon were to resign as director of the Project? If he were to take?Monay looked surprised. Is the professor planning to retire?Not that I know of. Im presenting you with a sibylline case. Suppose he retires. Who do you think would be a natural switch? I think from what you have said that you would favor Professor Elar as the new director.Yes, I would, responded Monay after a piddle hesitation. Hes far and away the most lifelike of the new people and I think he could run the Project in the best possible way. Still, hes rather young. There are a considerable number of old fossils-well, you know what I mean-who would resent being passed over by a young squirt.Is there any old fossil youre thinking of in particular? Remember, this is confidential.Quite a few of them, but theres Dr. Amaryl. Hes the heir apparent.Yes, I see what you mean. Dors rose. Well, convey you so much for your help. Ill let you return to your work now.She left, thinking about the Electro-Clarifier. And about Amaryl.