Personal Development Plan Essay

1. IntroductionThe aim of this assessment is to build a Personal Development Plan and evaluate my current skills and intimacy. The first-string objective of PDP is to improve my knowledge and plan my instructional victimization according to my background and personal experience so far.2. What is PDPAccording to the Quality Assurance chest for laid-backer Education in UK (QAA 2004) defined PDP as a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon their own learning, performance and/or achievement and to plan for their personal, educational and cargoner development. The primary objective for PDP is to improve the capacity of individuals to understand what and how they are learning, and to review, plan and take responsibility for their own learning.2.1 The benefits of PDPThe abstractive benefits of PDP can be summarizes as follow according to Quality Assurance force (QAA 2009) plan, integrate and take responsibility for their personal development, id entifying learning opportunities take, value and grounds their learning and development both inside and outside the curriculum be more effective in monitoring and reviewing their own progress evaluate and recognise their own strengths and weaknesses and identify carriages in which perceived weaknesses might be improved and strengths enhanced summon ii3. Skill AuditThe personal development plan for me is a chance to know myself better. Using the SWOT and SKA summary in my PDP report will help me realize what I want to achieve, my concisely bound and long term aspirations. I am going to focus on what my strengths and weaknesses are and how to phthisis my strengths to develop my weaknesses to become strengths. After completing my graduate student degree in Informatics and Communications I started teaching computers in a private institute and a local college. Working in the celestial sphere of education help me to improve my lead skills and become more responsible as a pe rson. After almost 5 years of teaching I decided to change my career direction in accounting field and that helps me to improve my skills in other areas.Ibecome more adapt equal and fitted to work as a team member and improved time management as I shed to meet deadlines in my current job. When I become a member of the company I work for, I start thinking that an undergraduate degree alone is not enough in todays competitive environment with so many graduates competing for the identical job. I study the different master run fors around in local universities and I decided to dumbfound the application for the MA in Management from University of Wolverhampton and got accepted. I believe that the combination gained in undergraduate degree and the valuable business knowledge and management skills I will be able to gain from this postgraduate degree will help me improve my career expectations. With the assistant of SWOT and SKA analysis I will understand better my strengths and weakne sses and based on my knowledge so far I will try to improve the most I can.3.1 SWOT analysisSWOT analysis is one of the most popular strategic planning tools riding habitd to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in any occurrence that needs a decision. According to Cowan (2000), a SWOT analysis may be used by individuals to recognize their strengths and weaknesses and ultimately their opportunities and threats. Based on this, under is a summary of my personal SWOT analysis.3.2 SKA modelThe ingredients of SKA came from Vinkes (2002) definition of the competency as the ability of an individual to select and use the knowledge, skills, and attitudes that are infallible for effective behaviour in a specific professional, social or learning situation. 3.2.1 What are skills, knowledge and attitude? According to Winterton (et al., 2005) copeledge is sometimes viewed as if it was a concrete manifestation of abstract intelligence, but it is actually the result of an interaction between intelligence and situation. Proctor and Dutta (1995) define skills as goal-directed, well-organized behaviour that is acquired by means of practice and performed with economy of effort. Attitude can be defined as a learned tendency to act in a consistent way to a particular object or situation (Fishbein). Attitudes have affective, cognitive and behavioural intention components.SkillsKnow howAttitudeKnow whyKnowledgeKnow whatPage v3.3 My SWOT AnalysisSTRENGTHS Patient Sense of humour Outgoing and competitive Friendly and approachable Hardworking and committed Responsible High technological skills Leadership skills Good presentation skills WEAKNESSES Sensitivity Perfectionist Poor time management Poor organisational skills in personal life Team work OPPORTUNITIES youthful challenges Wider career prospects Starting a new business self employment Show off the skills i have learned throughout the Master course THREATS No management experience Competit ion other students graduating with the akin degree globallyStrengthsWorking as a teacher help me improve my leadership skills and my ability to encourage and motivate my students to pass their exams and gain good grades. Moreover, I become more responsible and patient as a person because of my work. besides according to my working experience I demonstrated good presentation skills as I had made lots of lectures to small audience.WeaknessesMy weaknesses I believe are part of my character. I would call myselfperfectionist, as I spend much time to make e actuallything perfect and I stuck in details so I lose valuable time. As I had many things to do at the same time I lost my time see and is difficult to control and combined my personal and professional life. Before i enrol to this Masters horizontal surface program i wasnt sure if i could divvy up to study and work together, as i am not the most organise person. Starting lessons help me manage my time and realise that if we want something very much we can achieve the best of it.OpportunitiesAfter completing my Master Degree I strongly believe I will be able to approach new challenges in my career and in my life. Based on the knowledge I gained from the course I will be able to use my managerial skills, marketing, business and strategic planning to build my own business and be my own boss.ThreatsUpon completion of my MA degree I will be theoretical capable to use my knowledge and skills I learned from my master degree, hence I wont be full able to use it in practise as I have no managerial experience yet. Another negative aspect is the competition that grows from the fact that other students graduating with the same degree globally.4. Setting my goalsAccording to Denis Watley Quotation The reason most people never reach their goals is that they dont define them, or ever sternly consider them as believable or achievable. Winners can tell you where they are going, what they plan to do along the way, and who will be sharing the adventure with them. roughly goals are short term and others are long term. Some goals are easy and others are difficult. The whole point is our goals to be effective. Effective goals are implant in a SMART way. A goal is SMART if its Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time related.4.2 Short term and Long term goalsMaster Degree is very demanding course and i have to study very hard to achieve my short term goal, which is to finish my studies and gain high grades in my assignments. I will spend more time on reading articles and make research on field of management. On the issue of time management I am planning to make a daily schedule to make sure I am not behind the time and at the same time I will improve my organizational skills as well. Also my team working skills have improved, because of the group activities and assignments we have in classroom. My long term goal is to cultivate skills that will develop and improve my experience in business a nd management world so I could fulfil my dream to make my own business in few years.5. ConclusionIn the end of this assignment, I feel that I have identified my strengths so I have to focus on them and develop them even more. My personal SWOT analysis helps me evaluate and recognize my strengths and weaknesses. By knowing my strengths I can focus my efforts on the things I am good at and by understanding my weaknesses I can realize what I have to avoid and what I have to improve. To conclude, by the end of my Master in Management course I hope to be prepared for the difficulties of continuing professional and personal development.ReferencesChapman, A. (2007). SWOT analysis. Retrieved 25 march 2012, from http//www.businessballs.com/swotanalysisfreetemplate.htm Cowan, J. (2005) Reflections-Wise and Otherwise- Learning as Much from what went wrong as what went well. Seda Seminar London. D. Vinke, Industrial design at TU/e the student as a junior employee, Interim report, retrieved 25 March 2012 from the website www.industrialdesign.tue.nl/education/downloadableFiles/theStudentAsAJuniorEmployee.doc Denis Waitley quotes (American motivational Speaker and Author of self-help books. b.1933) http//www.quotationspage.com/quotes/Denis_Watley, 1 April 2012 Fishbein, M. and Ajzan,I., Belief Attitude Intention and Behavior and Introduction to Theory and Research, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Ma. Meyer, Paul J (2003). What would you do if you knew you couldnt fail? Creating S.M.A.R.T. Goals. Attitude Is Everything If You Want to Succeed Above and Beyond. Meyer Resource Group, Incorporated, The. ISBN 9780898113044 Proctor, R.W. and Dutta, A. (1995) Skill Acquisition and Human Performance, London Sage. http//www.uk.ecorys.com/europeaninventory/publications/method/cedefop_typology.pdf Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA), 2009, Publications Personal development planning guidance for institutional policy and practice in higher education (Second edition) http//www.qa a.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/PDPguide.pdf, accessed 30 March 2012 Page xQuality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA), 2011, Publications A toolkit for enhancing personal development planning strategy, policy and practice in higher education institutions (Second edition) http//www.qaa.ac.uk/Publications/InformationAndGuidance/Documents/PDP%20Toolkit%20revised%202011.pdf, accessed 30 March 2012 The Higher Education Academy at http//www.heacademy.ac.uk/Winterton, J., Delamare-Le Deist, F. and Stringfellow, E. (2005) Typology of knowledge, skills and competences clarification of the concept and prototype (Thessaloniki CEDEFOP). http//www.uk.ecorys.com/europeaninventory/publications/method/cedefop_typology.pdf

Content And Process Theories Of Motivation Essay

Motivation is a big influencer of productivity. Many supervisors know that what motivates employees to reach their peak performance is non easy. This is because employees respond in many ways to their jobs and their transcriptions practices. Thus, a carriage that is motivated is sensation which is voluntarily chosen by each employee.The content approach to need is one that is of the assumption that individuals argon motivated by the desire to fulfill inner needs. Content theories ar something that is on the needs that motivate people. On the other hand, process approach to motivation is on how and why people choose particular behavior in order to meet their personal goals. Process theories are on the outside influences or behaviors that people choose to meet their needs. These external or outside influences are usually available to supervisors.An example of the content approach to motivation is Maslows pecking order of Needs which has five level of needs. People go up these le vels as their needs are answered. As the lower needs are satisfied, because the high needs are trigger. The most powerful employee need is that one which has not be yet satisfied. Abraham Maslow presented his needs theory in 1942 and then was published in 1954 in Motivation and Personality. This lavatory be returnous because the employees needs are answered as the person is satisfied.But it has its weakness too because it is rigid and does not binding the other small details that need to be taken into consideration when discussing motivations of people. Another content need is the Alderfers ERG which identified three categories of needs and its advantage is that there is the addition of the frustration-regression hypothesis that when people are not able to meet their higher level of needs, then, the next lower level needs be out. Meanwhile, another one of the content theory is McClellands Learned Needs which divides motivation into the needs for power, link and achievement.T his is the theory that is more on people act their goals. People like to control their situations so they take risks and get feedback on their progress. This is mainly what this content theory means. There is also the motivation for power and for affiliation all under McClellands Learned Needs. Content needs has advantages especially if the person is motivated internally. But if he is not motivated at all, then these content theories are of not much benefit. (McClelland).Examples of the process theory Vrooms apprehension Model which suggests that people must choose among the alternative behaviors because they depart be expecting that these behaviors will also lead to one or more desired outcomes and that the other behaviors will also bring undesirable outcomes. Expectancy states that elbow grease will also lead to first-order outcomes. Equity is the thinking of fairness which is involved in rewards given.Another process theory is the Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfac tion (ARCS) Model of motivational Design or Kellers ARCS Model of Motivation was conceived in the early 1980s by John Keller. This was derived from his theory of motivation, performance and instructional influence genuine in the late 1970s.This is a macro theory that explains a network of relationships of personal and environmental characteristics with focus on the effort, performance and consequences. This is where the idea of reinforcement comes in. It confirms or denies expectations. Several views suggest that internal motivational drives control the lives of peak performers. When one sees a change that lasts, one can be almost be sure that it took roots within the individuals it affects, at the level of their own talents and motives. (Keller).By contrast, many of the quick fixes treat motivation as if it were a fuel one injects into ones system to make one run, and propose solutions that are external to the individual. Peak performers usually claim that external motivators pro duce the shortest-lived results. In effect, this theory is found upon the coordinated ideas of many researches that involve human motivation. It will sustain learners motivation to learn. In short, this theory aims at identifying major categories of variables of individual behavior and of instructional design related to individual effort and performance (Wongwiwatthananukit, Supakit) The ARCS theory integrates several motivational concepts such as the expectancy-value theory, attribution theory, self-efficacy theory, social learning theory, and environmental theories. An effective way of getting attention, the first building block of the ARCS theory is through the collaborative projects and different methods of presentation. Relevance, the next building block of Kellers precedent is achieved by letting students take ownership of the learning experience, making them have more responsibility and commitment to the learning experience. By allowing them to choose a relevant task, they are able to better match their motives and values (Fernandez, Jerry).The third building block is confidence and students learning is enhanced because of his achievements. Confidence is ego building and can thus enhance the way they perceive and learn things. The final building block is satisfaction and learners must have the possibilities to apply new skills (Driscoll, 1993, p. 318 as qtd in Fernandez). These process theories are useful because there are many environmental factors that can influence a person in many ways since they are coming from outside the person. The only problem with this is when the person does not give attention to his external environment or when the external circumstances are not good for the individuals concerned.Indeed, motivation is why individuals behave the way they do. Two important dimensions of the whys of behavior are activation and direction. First, when people are motivated, they do something. Their behavior is activated or energized. Second, whe n people are motivated, their behavior also is directed. Motivation focuses on how adolescents direct their behavior, or put another way, the specific behaviors adolescents select in received situations but not others. Thus, this is what defines motivationit is why individuals behave, think, and feel the way they do, with special consideration of the activation and direction of their behavior (McClelland, David).WORKS CITEDKellers ARCs Model of Motivation. Retrieved May 6, 2008 athttp//www.ittheory.com/keller1.htmFernandez, J. Attribution Theory and Kellers ARCS Model of Motivation. AccessedRetrieved May 6, 2008athttp//chd.gmu.edu/immersion/knowledgebase/strategies/cognitivism/keller_ARCS.htmPitt, Douglas C. Leadership and Motivation The Effective Application of Expectancy Theory. Journal of Managerial Issues. Retrieved May 6, 2008 athttp//www.allbusiness.com/human-resources/employee-development-leadership/801576-1.htmlWongwiwatthananukit, Supakit, Applying the ARCS model of motiva tional design topharmaceutical education. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. Retrieved May 6, 2008 athttp//www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3833/is_200007/ai_n8910222/pg_8

Case Study Assignment

1. What is the key HR issue(s) of this case?The key HR issue of this case is non having the policy written or clear. It is important make clear to everyone what the policies are and that they are applied consistently and fairly across the organization. Bruce was not clear on the proper rules of not being able to sell the confederacy product outside. He thought what he was doing wasnt any different than selling to family and friends, which the other(a) co-worker were doing. HR needs to clearly state to all employees that company products are not for resale, but for employee use only.2. What action should you take with Bruce? Are in that location grounds to discipline Bruce? Why/why not?I think suspending Bruce from the staff purchase program for a limited time is a severe action. There are grounds to discipline Bruce by verbally warning him that selling at the flea market or anywhere else in the future is prohibited. That is the offset and only step allowed to take in the curren t situation. Write down in his file that he was warned about this for future reference. Advise him that if it happens again he impart get a one-to-three day suspension from work. Counselling Bruce about his problems at home as well should be taken into consideration as it could affect his work in the future.3. Develop a detailed, comprehensive plan, outlining the HR policies/practices that should be implemented, in order to minimize the companys risk of another(prenominal) occurrence. Explain the reasons for your recommendations.First, HR must have a written policy in place. The company should create a new written policy validatory that company product is for the direct use of employees only. Referring this in the new employee orientation presentation is not enough. The policy should be included in an employee handbook and there should be proof in the personnel files that everyone has received a copy with signatures. It should in like manner state that if employees are found rese lling company products for personal profits leave behind either be suspended or cut off from the staff purchase program or lead to suspension/termination from work. The company should also state that if the purchase program is found being abused is can be decided that the program will no longer get under ones skin getable for everyone else as well.HR should state and bring awareness that one persons bad actions could cost everyone elses benefits with the purchase program and that suspicious activity should be reported immediately. Furthermore, a brief company policy poster should be posted within the work place as a actuateer. It should be placed in the back room where it can be easily seen. The employee handbook can be simply forgotten about and posters can do remind and encourage employees to keep following the rules on a daily basis. New and different poster designs should be changed annually so they dont become out-of-date and stale. This will show that the company takes t houghtful measures to encourage a trustworthy and responsible staff.Secondly, the company should enforce these new and current policies with a required training seminar annually. The training seminar should help explain the reasons behind these standards and to build a positive spirit of self-discipline. With proper monitoring and guidance, this will show that management is on top of operational standards. Without this, employees will realize management has fallen behind on company values and it creates an increased exposure risk of someone not properly following company rules.These policies, when organized and disseminated in an easily used form, can serve to prevent many misunderstandings between employees and employers about their rights and obligations. Instituting internal controls with the help of the training seminar should help identify wrongdoings within the workplace. This will also follow up with employees to ensure that they are living up to his or her commitments and t o reduce the likeliness of having to take more severe action. The seminar should also gain agreement with the employees that they are continuously responsible for managing his or her actions with company guidelines.The meeting should also acknowledge employees for their ripe efforts and loyal relationship. Recognizing staffwill inspire them to become long-lasting honest employees. Additionally, the seminar should include fun quick games or quizzes for knowing important company protocols. This will encourage employees to speak up and become involved in the meeting so that it is not a one-way lecture type of discussion. Awarding with prizes such as a free company product package will lighten and not bore the staff. The seminar should be used to refresh employees on company guidelines and to involve them with any questions or concerns.

A Freshwater Aquatic and Terrestrial Food Web

- fodder electronic network From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Afreshwateraquaticandterrestrial nourishment web. A aliment web(or nutrient cycle) depicts nutrition connections (what ingest what) in anbionomic familiarityand hence is also referred to as acon substanceer- imaging system. Ecologists squeeze out broadly lump wholly life forms into unmatched of two categories calledtrophic take aims 1) theautotrophs, and 2) theheterotrophs. Tomaintaintheir bodies, climb up, develop, and toreproduce, autotrophs produce constitutive(a)matter frominorganicsubstances, including bothmineralsandgases such ascarbon dioxide.These chemical reactionsrequire power, which mainly comes from thesunand largely byp savoryosynthesis, although a very small amount comes fromhydr early(a)mal ventsandhot springs. A gradient exists between trophic take aims campaigningning from complete autotrophs that obtain their sole source of carbon from the atmosphere, tomixotrophs(such ascarnivorous plants ) that atomic number 18 autotrophic organisms that segmentationially obtain organic matter from sources otherwise than the atmosphere, and completeheterotrophsthat must feed to obtain organic matter.The linkages in a nourishment web illustrate the feeding pathways, such as where heterotrophs obtain organic matter by feeding on autotrophs and other heterotrophs. The food web is a simplified illustration of the various methods of feeding that links an ecosystem into a unified system of exchange. on that point argon different kinds of feeding transaction that eject be roughly divided intoherbivory,carnivory,scavengingandparasitism. close of the organic matter eaten by heterotrophs, such assugars, provides cypher.Autotrophs and heterotrophs come in all sizes, frommicroscopicto m any(prenominal)tonnes fromcyanobacteriatogiant redwoods, and fromvirusesandbdellovibriotoblue whales. Charles Eltonpi iered the c formerlypt of food cycles, food cosmic strings, and food size in h is classical 1927 book sentient being Ecology Eltons food cycle was replaced by food web in a subsequent ecologic text. Elton organized species into practic open groups, which was the basis forRaymond Lindemans classic and landmark paper in 1942 on trophic dynamics.Lindeman emphasized the important usage ofdecomposerorganisms in atrophic system of classification. The notion of a food web has a diachronic foothold in the writings ofCharles Darwinand his terminology, including an entangled bank, web of life, web of complex relations, and in reference to the decomposition actions of earthworms he talked about the continued movement of the particles of earth. Even earlier, in 1768John Brucknerdescribed nature as one continued web of life. -Food webs be limited representations of real ecosystems as they necessarily aggregate numerous species intotrophic species, which are functional groups of species that shit the identical predators and prey in a food web. Ecologists use these simplifications inquantitative(or mathematical)modelsof trophic orconsumer-resource systemsdynamics. Using these models they can measure and test for generalized patterns in the structure of real food web networks. Ecologists have determine non-random properties in thetopographicstructure of food webs. Published examples that are used inmeta analysisare of variable quality with omissions.However, the number of empirical studies on community webs is on the rise and the mathematical discourse of food webs usingnetwork theoryhad identified patterns that are common to all. Scaling laws, for example, predict a relationship between the topology of food web predator-prey linkages and trains ofspecies richness. Trophic levels Main articleTrophic level A trophic pyramid (a) and a simplified community food web (b) illustrating ecological relations among creatures that are common of a northernBorealterrestrial ecosystem. The trophic pyramid roughly represents the biomass (normally measure d as come up dry-weight) at each level.Plants generally have the greatest biomass. Names of trophic categories are shown to the right of the pyramid. Some ecosystems, such as many wetlands, do not organize as a strict pyramid, because aquatic plants are not as productive as long-lived terrestrial plants such as trees. ecological trophic pyramids are typically one of three kinds 1) pyramid of numbers, 2) pyramid of biomass, or 3) pyramid of efficiency. 4 Food webs have trophic levels and positions. Basal species, such as plants, form the jump level and are the resource limited species that feed on no other living creature in the web.Basal species can be autotrophs ordetritivores, including decomposing organic solid and its associated microorganisms which we defined as detritus, micro-inorganic material and associated microorganisms (MIP), and vascular plant material. 1194Most autotrophs impound the suns brawn inchlorophyll, but some autotrophs (thechemolithotrophs) obtain zer o by the chemical oxidation of inorganic compounds and can grow in dark environments, such as the sulfur bacteriumThiobacillus, which lives in hotsulfur springs.The top level has top (or apex) predators which no other species kills directly for its food resource needs. The talk terms levels are filled with omnivores that feed on more than one trophic level and cause brawniness to light through a number of food pathways starting from a basal species. 12 - In the simplest scheme, the first trophic level (level 1) is plants, then herbivores (level 2), and then carnivores (level 3). The trophic level is equal to one more than the chain length, which is the number of links connecting to the base.The base of the food chain (primary producers ordetritivores) is set at zero. 313Ecologists identify feeding relations and organize species into trophic species through extensive gut content analysis of different species. The technique has been improved through the use of stable isotopes to better trace energy feed through the web. 14It was once persuasion that omnivory was rare, but recent evidence suggests otherwise. This realization has made trophic classifications more complex. 15 Energy give ear and biomass Main articleEnergy rise (ecology) See alsoEcological efficiencyThe Law of Conservation of upsurge dates from Antoine Lavoisiers 1789 discovery that mass is n both created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of any one fixings at the beginning of a reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction. 2411 LeftEnergy flow diagram of a frog. The frog represents a node in an extended food web. The energy ingested is utilized for metabolic processes and transformed into biomass. The energy flow continues on its path if the frog is ingested by predators, parasites, or as a decayingcarcassin soil.This energy flow diagram illustrates how energy is mazed as it fuels the metabolic process that transform the energy and nutrients into biomass. queue upAn expanded three link energy food chain (1. plants, 2. herbivores, 3. carnivores) illustrating the relationship between food flow diagrams and energy transformity. The transformity of energy becomes degraded, dispersed, and diminished from higher quality to lesser quantity as the energy deep down a food chain flows from one trophic species into other. Abbreviations I=input, A=assimilation, R=respiration, NU=not utilized, P=production, B=biomass. 25 Food webs depict energy flow via trophic linkages. Energy flow is directional, which contrasts against the cyclic flows of material through the food web systems. 26Energy flow typically includes production, consumption, assimilation, non-assimilation losses (feces), and respiration (maintenance costs). 55In a very general sense, energy flow (E) can be defined as the sum ofmetabolicproduction (P) and respiration (R), such that E=P+R. The mass (or biomass) of something is equal to its energy content. Mas s and energy are closely intertwined.However, concentration and quality of nutrients and energy is variable. Many plant fibers, for example, are indigestible to many herbivores leaving grazer community food webs more nutrient limited than detrital food webs where bacteria are able to access and release the nutrient and energy stores. 2728Organisms usually extract energy in the form of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. These polymers have a dual role as supplies of energy as well as building blocks the part that functions as energy supply results in the production of nutrients (and carbon dioxide, water, and heat).Excretion of nutrients is, therefore, basic to metabolism. 281230-1231The units in energy flow webs are typically a measure mass or energy per m2per unit time. Different consumers are going to have different metabolic assimilation efficiencies in their diets. Each trophic level transforms energy into biomass. Energy flow diagrams illustrate the rates and efficiency of t ransmit from one trophic level into another and up through the hierarchy. 2930 -It is the case that thebiomassof eachtrophic leveldecreases from the base of the chain to the top. This is because energy is lost to the environment with each transfer asentropyincreases. About eighty to ninety percent of the energy is expended for the organisms life processes or is lost as heat or waste. Only about ten to twenty percent of the organisms energy is generally passed to the next organism. 31The amount can be less than one percent in animals consuming less digestible plants, and it can be as high as forty percent inzooplanktonconsumingphytoplankton. 32Graphic representations of the biomass or productivity at each tropic level are calledecological pyramidsor trophic pyramids. The transfer of energy from primary producers to top consumers can also be characterized by energy flow diagrams. 33 Food meshing Afood webis a graphical description of feeding relationships among species in anecologic al community, that is, of who eats whom (Fig. 1). It is also a means of showing howenergyand materials (e. g. ,carbon) flow through a community ofspeciesas a result of these feeding relationships.Typically, species are connected by lines or arrows called links, and the species are sometimes referred to as nodes in food web diagrams. Relationships between soil food web, plants, organic matter, and birds and mammals. Theherbivoresare usually preyed upon by carnivores, which get theenergyof thesunlightat third-hand, and these again may be preyed upon by other carnivores, and so on, until we reach an animal which has no enemies, and which forms, as it were, a terminus on this food cycle. at that place are, in fact, chains of animals linked together by food, and all dependent in the long run upon plants.We refer to these as food-chains, and to all the food chains in a community as the food-cycle. A food web differs from a food chain in that the latter shows only a grammatical constitue nt of the food web involving a simple, linear series of species (e. g. ,predator,herbivore,plant) connected by feeding links. A food web aims to depict a more complete picture of the feeding relationships, and can be considered a bundle of many interconnected food chains occurring at heart the community. All species fulfilling the same position within a food chain comprise a trophic level within the food web.For instance, all of the plants in the foodweb comprise the first or primary producer tropic level, allherbivorescomprise the sustain or primary consumer trophic level, and carnivores that eatherbivorescomprise the third or secondlyary consumer trophic level. redundant levels, in which carnivores eat other carnivores, comprise a tertiary trophic level. Elton emphasized early on that food chains tend to show characteristic patterns of increasing body size as one moves up the food chain, for example fromphytoplanktonto invertebrate grazers to fishes, or from insects to rodent s to larger carnivores like foxes.Because individuals of small-bodied species require lessenergyand food than individuals of larger-bodied species, a devoted amount ofenergycan support a greater number of individuals of the smaller-bodied species. Hence, ecological communities typically show what Elton called a pyramid of numbers (later dubbed the Eltonian pyramid), in which the species at lower trophic levels in the food web tend to be more numerous than those at higher trophic levels.A second reason for the pyramid of numbers is low ecological efficiency someenergyis lost at each transfer between consumer and prey, such that theenergythat reaches top predators is a very small fraction of that addressable in the plants at the base of the food web. Although there is wide variation among qualitys oforganismsand types ofecosystems, a general find of thumb is that availableenergydecreases by about an order of magnitude at each step in the food chain.That is, only about 10% of thee nergyharvested by plants is consumed and converted into herbivorebiomass, only 10% of that makes it intobiomassof primary carnivores, and so on. Thus, the structure of food webs is dictated in part by basic constraints set bythermodynamics. The foreseeable dissipation ofenergyat each step in food chains is one of the factors thought to limit the length of most food chains to a maximum of four or phoebe bird travel. Cohen et al. (2003) emphasized that the correlations mong body size, abundance, and trophic level produce a characteristic trivariate structure to (pelagic) food webs (Fig. 2). The pyramid of numbers is less obvious at the most basal levels in terrestrial communities based on trees, which are typically much larger than theherbivoresthat feed on them. Pyramids of numbers orbiomassmay even off be inverted in cases where the microscopic plants that support the web show very rapid turnover, that is, where they grow and are eaten so rapidly that there is less plantbiomasst han herbivorebiomasspresent at a given time. -Decomposers are an assemblage of smallorganisms, including invertebrates,fungi, andbacteria, that do not fit neatly into any trophic level because they consume deadbiomassof organisms from all trophic levels. Decomposers are a critical component of the food web, however, because they cycle nutrients that otherwise would become sequestered in accumulating detritus. All food chains in a community constitute a food web. Afood web is simply the total set of feeding relationship amongst and between the species composing a biotic community. These relationships may achieve considerable complexity.With many food chains and cross connecting links, there is greater opportunity for the prey and predator population in an ecosystem to adjust to the changes. - The producer-consumer arrangement is one kind of structure known as trophic structure(trophic = food) and each food (nutritional) level in the food chain is called trophic levelor energy level. The first trophic level in an ecosystem is occupied by the plants-producers (green plant-primary producers), because they utilize solar energy which is transformed to chemical form during photosynthesis.The energy stored in food or green plants is consumed by the plant eaters (herbivores) which make the second trophic level. Herbivores are also called primaryconsumers. Primary consumers in turn are eaten by carnivores (also known as secondary winding consumers) which fulfil third trophic level. Secondary consumers (Primary carnivores) may be eaten by other carnivores (secondary or top carnivores) which are known as tertiary consumers and occupy fourth trophic level. Decomposer occupy fifth trophic level in an ecosystem.Food Web- In nature, food chain relationships are very complex. They never operate as set-apart sequences, as one organism may form the food source of many organisms and so on. Thus, or else of a food chain, a number of food chains are interconnected with each oth er and form a web-like structure known as food web. For example, grass may be feed by grasshoppers as well as cattle, rabbits and each of these may be eaten by different type of carnivores, such as birds, toads, snakes, foxes, depending on their food habit.Thus, a particular organism may not occupy the same tropic level in every food chain it may simultaneously give birth as secondary, tertiary or a top consumer. Organisms, whose food is obtained from plants by the same number of steps are said to belong to the same tropic level. Thus, green plants occupy the first tropic level or the producer level. The plant grazers occupy the second tropic level or primary consumer or herbivore level (all plant-grazing insects, cattle, deer, rabbits, etc. ).Flesh-eaters, that eat herbivores, form the third tropic level or the secondary consumer or carnivore level-1 (frogs, small fish, etc. ). The third tropic level is the tertiary consumer or carnivore level-2, which eats the flesh of herbivore s and secondary consumers. In a similar fashion, tropic levels can be expanded based on the food habits of organisms. Charles Elton, a British ecologist, however, concluded that the number of links in a food chain seldom exceeds five, because in the process of energy transfer there is always the loss of energy to the environment.It is the energy transfer mechanism which determines the number of links in a food chain. Man and many other animals who are omnivores occupy different tropic levels in food chains in relation to pure carnivores. The food web maintains the stability of the eco-system. For example, green land can be grazed by different organisms like insects, rabbits, rodents, etc. The insects then can be eaten by frogs which can be eaten by snakes. Snakes can either be eaten by hawks

Consider Atwood’s portrayal of religion in Gilead Essay

All almost us we see evidence of the way in which belief is institutionalised and abused. Consider Atwoods line drawing of trust in Gilead Many modern day beliefs have been used as excuses for war, or as a way of suppressing groups of large number. In The Handmaids tale Atwood has taken abuse of belief and religion to the extreme, using it to create a worrying futuristic dystopia where all laws are based on extracts from the sacred scripture and the texts have been twisted to suit the more powerful members of society.It is impossible for handmaids, or many other members of Gilead to soften the au indeedticity of the extracts that rule their life as they are forbidden from reading and the bible is kept locked up. In The Handmaids tale free will is nothing more than a memory, distinguishable Christian branches are at war with each other. The bible is used to justify the regimes and practises of Gilead and sexuality has been suppressed into something s pratdalous and dangerous. Chapter two offers the indorser their branch decent example of how religion is used within the society of Gilead.It is in the simple use of a name that Atwood is able to immediately establish a link amidst her dystopia and the bible. Her usual Marthas dress. In the bible Martha is the sister of Mary who would devote herself to the housework man Mary went to hear Jesus speak. Marthas in The Handmaids Tale are unmarried, infertile women who are expected to suffice household duties for the high-ranking members of Gilead. This is the first time the reader is given an example of rank based on religion with Gilead, the reader is made aware of Handmaids and of the Commander earlier in the book but this is the first obvious biblical reference.Martha is not important in the bible, but the powers of Gilead has taken her role and expanded it so that they can justify having slaves within their society. This early example gives the reader an impression of what sort of society Gilead is and what they can expect further into the book as far as rank and religion are concerned. In Chapter eleven Offred is offered the opportunity to get pregnant by the doctor. Offred is worried about being caught having sex with person who wasnt the commander.Offred considers the doctors offer, she knows it is a risk but they have to catch you in the act, with two witnesses. This method of convicting people is taken from Deuteronomy 176 At the mouth of two witnesses shall he that is to die be ready to death. The bible reference is saying that nobody can be convicted when it is just their word against someone elses, this must(prenominal) be the same way people in Gilead practise law. Unfortunately it would be very lucky for two people to get together and agree on the same story if they wanted to physique someone.It also further removes individuality and freethinking, people are already expected to travel in groups of at least two and the suggestion is that one persons opinion is usel ess unless supported by someone else. It also makes things very difficult for handmaids who are often required to be on their own with the commanders wife and if there arent any witnesses present because there is no crime and the handmaids are left in a very vulnerable position. boob tube in Gilead is censored, like everything else. It is clear that this society functions by keeping people ve for as long as possible, if they cant read and their only visual entertainment in censored to suit the ideals of Gilead then they cannot really form their own opinions and would be entirely dependant on what others told them. However the information that comes from the tv tells the reader about battles Gilead is involved in. The odd thing about the battles is that they are taking place with different branches of the same religion. Angels of the Apocalypse are smoking out a pocket of Baptist guerrillas. Five members of the heretical cabal of Quakers have been arrested.It is possible to read m ore into the news reports than meets the eye. The Baptists are relying on guerrilla warfare that is unremarkably the form of warfare used by under-developed countries that arent looking for war. There is also a jolly amount of irony in the sense that the report claims that the Quakers are heretical or sacrilegious when the reader knows that the society of Gilead is based on sacrilege. This may suggest that Gilead is fighting these other branches of Christianity to stop them from demonstrating to the world, and more importantly to the people of Gilead that their society is based on twisted truths.

Paper Tigers

constitution tigers Bianca 01 All our lives we are told succeed. To do some(a)thing meaningful with our lives. To be the very best that we can be. But how do we give this satisfaction of a personal achievement? What are the key factors to help us succeed? And why are some unable to achieve such success. We come on such strong ties within our ego centered networks and this get out restrict from developing the affectionate skills we need to break through our own bamboo ceilings.Risks need to be taken, social interaction needs to happen, and you need to be the best of the best. Wesley Yangs writing, Paper Tigers, shows how Asian Americans are unable to achieve this high success that they want to achieve. We can take his advice written for Asian Americans and intertwine it with ideas from Malcom Gladwell and his writing, Small reposition, and Rebekah Nathans writing Community and Diversity. With insight from all three of these writers, we can achieve that success we all dogged for . At a young age, we were told to always listen to an authoritative figure.To non speak up and to keep our opinions to ourselves. Wesley Yang makes note of how this affects Asian Americans from advancing in the real world. He writes, So lets say I go to meetings with you and I notice you never say anything. And I ask myself, hmm, I wonder why youre not proverb anything. Maybe its because you dont know what were talking about. That would be a good reason for not saying anything. Or by chance its because youre not even interested in the subject matter. Or maybe you take the conversation is beneath you.So here Im thinking, because you never say anything at meetings that youre either dumb, you dont care or youre arrogant. When maybe its because you were taught when you were growing up that when the boss is talking, what are you supposed to be doing? Listening (541). Being taught to listen, we listen. We do not ask questions that would help lead us on to success. We need to break awa y from these strong ties that we prevail so close to us. They keep us from going the extra mile. Yes, we dont need to get rid of them completely. Paper Tigers By bduarte1211

Prison Overcrowding

This musical composition will discuss prison house house overcrowding and what type of numbers have come near over the twelvemonths when it comes to inmates be imprisoned. It will discuss the cost of a prisoner annually as well as the decision to add verses build when it comes to in the buff facilities. The overcrowding in one particular prison will be touched on as well as whose responsibility it is for upkeep. It will discuss how funding plays a role in overcrowding as well as the three strikes draw rein in California and how salient of an impact it has made on the prison system.Lastly, societys choice to vote will be touched on as how large of a dissuademining factor it is in overcrowding prisons. State and federal official Prisons housed approximately 1. 3 one thousand thousand inmates in the social class 2000, non to mention the dawdles had an estimate of 600,000 as well. decennary historic period previous the prisons housed 700,000 inmates and lags were at muc h than or less 400,000. At that rate, the population of nation creation incarcerated almost bivalent from 1. 1 billion to 1. 9 trillion inmates. The last count in 2008 jumped again to an astonishing 2. million imprisoned within the country (Diiulio, younger , J. , 2010, March). Factors that contribute to prison and lock overcrowding is that so galore(postnominal) lot are incarcerated each course of instruction, funding, upkeep of a facility, the three strikes design and tax payers are indisposed to take levees. One of the largest reasons prisons are overcrowded today is that it is reported that one out of every 99. 1 adults are presently in prison or lock away. This is the largest number in nations history and seven multiplication the inmate rate from 1973.Amazingly orderty-five percent of prisoners are released back into communities to continue living their confronts. They are not thrown to the wolves they are released with a basic education, job training and prepa ration, improved pro-social pattern of thinking, adequate waitlihood history/social skills, and a lowered risk for substance abuse, anger and self esteem issues (Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). If an inmate need continued treatment once released, they are provided the assistance and resources to make the transition as successful as possible.Even when a prisoner was on a psychotic medication when released they are hooked up with a regional mental health and substance abuse center to make their reentry as flourishing (Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). At 157 percent capacity, San Quintin State Prison, a maximum security prison is no doubt overcrowded and it costs about $49,000 each year for an adult inmate to be housed in the San Quintin State Prison (Sterngold, J. , 2008, July/August). Taxpayers are nonvoluntary to become flat levees to build facilities to house prisoners which lead to an overcrowding prison.The criminal justice system inevit ably to have stronger sentences for crimes to disapprove raft from offending to begin with and not release inmates archaean due to overcrowding. Inmates are macrocosm released beforehand(predicate)(a) because there are not enough beds to hold all of the criminals. In the end it leads to a high(prenominal) crime rate because the inmates count of being released early and they are not being reformed. A way to reduce funding problems is to have inmates take care of their own facilities like they would their homes.Cleaning supplies give the sack be handed to the inmates and it behind be their job to clean the showers. It should not be the responsibility of the prison staff to keep the facility clean, the inmates should be given duties and be held accountable or forced to buy the farm in the conditions they allow for themselves. Funds should not be taken from the taxpayers to pay someone to clean up after the inmates, the taxpayers funds could be used for security and building t o prevent additional overcrowding. The problem with umteen a(prenominal) remands and prisons today is the upkeep.Most facilities today do not have the funding to build a brand sensitive facility but what unavoidably to happen is to make the additions and upgrades more than efficient. Replacing a furnace or ancestry travel conditioning system for a place a huge as a prison could be extremely clock beat consuming and expensive especially if the immatureer model is not the most efficient and therefore has to be replaced again and again prematurely. The best way to spend the taxpayers money is to buy the most elan vital efficient and best model and not replace it as often. As the age old saying, you engage what you pay for. The same goes for other materials when doing an addition or fixing an existing structure, the administrators need to take the quantify to research and see what the best materials are for longevity and spend money wisely (Lucas, R. , 2009, November/Dece mber).As Robert Lucas (2009) said, Money fatigued well at the beginning of a project may save the facility from spending more in the future. Like California, many other states have the three strikes recipe and one of every nightspot of the inmates who are on their third strike ingest out 25 to flavour sentence (Haerens, M. , 2010, May 15). This rule contributes to the vercrowding issue which an individual is taking up more space in chuck outs and prisons. For example, if a person is aerated three clock with felony drug trafficking and is convicted that would be the third offence and would serve twenty-five year to emotional state in jail. A violent offender, like a murderer, could that the place of that individual and rot in jail and make the community safer, it is the lesser of two evils. There are many factors that contribute to prison and jail overcrowding, funding, upkeep, three strikes rule, taxpayers not wanting to slip away levees and the fact that so many people e ach year are incarcerated.Funding smoke be redirected if the upgrades were made more efficiently around the prisons. To help save money, inmates shtup do daily duties and have responsibilities around the prison and jail grounds. The three strikes rule needs to be revised to focus on violent crimes. Tax payers need to stop complaining about criminals in the community unless they are willing to pass the levees to build jails and prisons to lessen the likelihood of overcrowding.References Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. (2008, October). Thinking Outside the carrel Expanding Safety and Security Beyond the Perimeter. Corrections Today, 70 (5). p. 4-61, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Diiulio, jr. , J. (2010, March). Prison Breakout. America,202 (6). p. 11, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Haerens, M. (2010, May 15). Californias Three Strikes faithfulness Is F credit line. Opposing Viewpoints Mandatory Minimum Sentencing. Detroit Greenh aven Press, Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Lucas, R. (2009, November/December). To Build or Not To Build? Ameri corporation Jails,23 (5). p. 4&93, Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Index Resource Center. Sterngold, J. (2008, July/August). Worst of the Worst. Mother Jones, 33 (4).Prison OvercrowdingThis subject will discuss prison overcrowding and what type of numbers have come about over the years when it comes to inmates being imprisoned. It will discuss the cost of a prisoner annually as well as the decision to add verses build when it comes to new facilities. The overcrowding in one particular prison will be touched on as well as whose responsibility it is for upkeep. It will discuss how funding plays a role in overcrowding as well as the three strikes rule in California and how macro of an impact it has made on the prison system.Lastly, societys choice to vote will be touched on as how large of a warnmining factor it is in overcrowding prisons. State and federal official Prisons housed approximately 1. 3 million inmates in the year 2000, not to mention the jails had an estimate of 600,000 as well. hug drug years previous the prisons housed 700,000 inmates and jails were at about 400,000. At that rate, the population of people being incarcerated almost treble from 1. 1 million to 1. 9 million inmates. The last count in 2008 jumped again to an astonishing 2. million imprisoned within the country (Diiulio, junior , J. , 2010, March). Factors that contribute to prison and jail overcrowding is that so many people are incarcerated each year, funding, upkeep of a facility, the three strikes rule and tax payers are slow to pass levees. One of the largest reasons prisons are overcrowded today is that it is reported that one out of every 99. 1 adults are soon in prison or jail. This is the largest number in nations history and seven measure the inmate rate from 1973.Amazingly cardinalty-five percent of prisoners are released back into communities to continue living their lives. They are not thrown to the wolves they are released with a basic education, job training and preparation, improved pro-social pattern of thinking, adequate carriage/social skills, and a lowered risk for substance abuse, anger and self esteem issues (Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). If an inmate needs continued treatment once released, they are provided the assistance and resources to make the transition as successful as possible.Even when a prisoner was on a psychotic medication when released they are hooked up with a regional mental health and substance abuse center to make their reentry as flourishing (Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). At 157 percent capacity, San Quintin State Prison, a maximum security prison is no doubt overcrowded and it costs about $49,000 each year for an adult inmate to be housed in the San Quintin State Prison (Sterngold, J. , 2008, July/August). Taxpayers are unwillin g to pass levees to build facilities to house prisoners which lead to an overcrowding prison.The criminal justice system needs to have stronger sentences for crimes to deter people from offending to begin with and not release inmates early due to overcrowding. Inmates are being released early because there are not enough beds to hold all of the criminals. In the end it leads to a high crime rate because the inmates count of being released early and they are not being reformed. A way to reduce funding problems is to have inmates take care of their own facilities like they would their homes.Cleaning supplies bay window be handed to the inmates and it can be their job to clean the showers. It should not be the responsibility of the prison staff to keep the facility clean, the inmates should be given duties and be held accountable or forced to live in the conditions they allow for themselves. Funds should not be taken from the taxpayers to pay someone to clean up after the inmates, th e taxpayers funds could be used for security and building to prevent additional overcrowding. The problem with many jails and prisons today is the upkeep.Most facilities today do not have the funding to build a brand new facility but what needs to happen is to make the additions and upgrades more efficient. Replacing a furnace or air conditioning system for a place a huge as a prison could be extremely time consuming and expensive especially if the newer model is not the most efficient and accordingly has to be replaced again and again prematurely. The best way to spend the taxpayers money is to buy the most heartiness efficient and best model and not replace it as often. As the age old saying, you get what you pay for. The same goes for other materials when doing an addition or fixing an existing structure, the administrators need to take the time to research and see what the best materials are for longevity and spend money wisely (Lucas, R. , 2009, November/December).As Robert L ucas (2009) said, Money pass well at the beginning of a project may save the facility from spending more in the future. Like California, many other states have the three strikes rule and one of every nine of the inmates who are on their third strike get 25 to animateness sentence (Haerens, M. , 2010, May 15). This rule contributes to the vercrowding issue which an individual is taking up more space in jails and prisons. For example, if a person is super supercharged three times with felony drug trafficking and is convicted that would be the third offence and would serve twenty-five year to life in jail. A violent offender, like a murderer, could that the place of that individual and rot in jail and make the community safer, it is the lesser of two evils. There are many factors that contribute to prison and jail overcrowding, funding, upkeep, three strikes rule, taxpayers not wanting to pass levees and the fact that so many people each year are incarcerated.Funding can be redirec ted if the upgrades were made more efficiently around the prisons. To help save money, inmates can do daily duties and have responsibilities around the prison and jail grounds. The three strikes rule needs to be revised to focus on violent crimes. Tax payers need to stop complaining about criminals in the community unless they are willing to pass the levees to build jails and prisons to lessen the likelihood of overcrowding.References Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. (2008, October). Thinking Outside the kiosk Expanding Safety and Security Beyond the Perimeter. Corrections Today, 70 (5). p. 4-61, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Diiulio, Jr. , J. (2010, March). Prison Breakout. America,202 (6). p. 11, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Haerens, M. (2010, May 15). Californias Three Strikes constabulary Is Fair. Opposing Viewpoints Mandatory Minimum Sentencing. Detroit Greenhaven Press, Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. L ucas, R. (2009, November/December). To Build or Not To Build? American Jails,23 (5). p. 4&93, Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodicals Index Resource Center. Sterngold, J. (2008, July/August). Worst of the Worst. Mother Jones, 33 (4).Prison OvercrowdingThis radical will discuss prison overcrowding and what type of numbers have come about over the years when it comes to inmates being imprisoned. It will discuss the cost of a prisoner annually as well as the decision to add verses build when it comes to new facilities. The overcrowding in one particular prison will be touched on as well as whose responsibility it is for upkeep. It will discuss how funding plays a role in overcrowding as well as the three strikes rule in California and how risky of an impact it has made on the prison system.Lastly, societys choice to vote will be touched on as how large of a determining factor it is in overcrowding prisons. State and federal Prisons housed approximately 1. 3 million inmates in th e year 2000, not to mention the jails had an estimate of 600,000 as well. go years previous the prisons housed 700,000 inmates and jails were at about 400,000. At that rate, the population of people being incarcerated almost doubled from 1. 1 million to 1. 9 million inmates. The last count in 2008 jumped again to an astonishing 2. million imprisoned within the country (Diiulio, Jr. , J. , 2010, March). Factors that contribute to prison and jail overcrowding is that so many people are incarcerated each year, funding, upkeep of a facility, the three strikes rule and tax payers are unwilling to pass levees. One of the largest reasons prisons are overcrowded today is that it is reported that one out of every 99. 1 adults are shortly in prison or jail. This is the largest number in nations history and seven times the inmate rate from 1973.Amazingly ninety-five percent of prisoners are released back into communities to continue living their lives. They are not thrown to the wolves they a re released with a basic education, job training and preparation, improved pro-social pattern of thinking, adequate life/social skills, and a lowered risk for substance abuse, anger and self esteem issues (Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). If an inmate needs continued treatment once released, they are provided the assistance and resources to make the transition as successful as possible.Even when a prisoner was on a psychotic medication when released they are hooked up with a regional mental health and substance abuse center to make their reentry as flourishing (Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. , 2008, October). At 157 percent capacity, San Quintin State Prison, a maximum security prison is no doubt overcrowded and it costs about $49,000 each year for an adult inmate to be housed in the San Quintin State Prison (Sterngold, J. , 2008, July/August). Taxpayers are unwilling to pass levees to build facilities to house prisoners which lead to an overcrowding prison.The cri minal justice system needs to have stronger sentences for crimes to deter people from offending to begin with and not release inmates early due to overcrowding. Inmates are being released early because there are not enough beds to hold all of the criminals. In the end it leads to a higher crime rate because the inmates count of being released early and they are not being reformed. A way to reduce funding problems is to have inmates take care of their own facilities like they would their homes.Cleaning supplies can be handed to the inmates and it can be their job to clean the showers. It should not be the responsibility of the prison staff to keep the facility clean, the inmates should be given duties and be held accountable or forced to live in the conditions they allow for themselves. Funds should not be taken from the taxpayers to pay someone to clean up after the inmates, the taxpayers funds could be used for security and building to prevent additional overcrowding. The problem w ith many jails and prisons today is the upkeep.Most facilities today do not have the funding to build a brand new facility but what needs to happen is to make the additions and upgrades more efficient. Replacing a furnace or air conditioning system for a place a huge as a prison could be extremely time consuming and expensive especially if the newer model is not the most efficient and then has to be replaced again and again prematurely. The best way to spend the taxpayers money is to buy the most push efficient and best model and not replace it as often. As the age old saying, you get what you pay for. The same goes for other materials when doing an addition or fixing an existing structure, the administrators need to take the time to research and see what the best materials are for longevity and spend money wisely (Lucas, R. , 2009, November/December).As Robert Lucas (2009) said, Money played out well at the beginning of a project may save the facility from spending more in the fu ture. Like California, many other states have the three strikes rule and one of every nine of the inmates who are on their third strike get 25 to life sentence (Haerens, M. , 2010, May 15). This rule contributes to the vercrowding issue which an individual is taking up more space in jails and prisons. For example, if a person is charged three times with felony drug trafficking and is convicted that would be the third offence and would serve twenty-five year to life in jail. A violent offender, like a murderer, could that the place of that individual and rot in jail and make the community safer, it is the lesser of two evils. There are many factors that contribute to prison and jail overcrowding, funding, upkeep, three strikes rule, taxpayers not wanting to pass levees and the fact that so many people each year are incarcerated.Funding can be redirected if the upgrades were made more efficiently around the prisons. To help save money, inmates can do daily duties and have responsibil ities around the prison and jail grounds. The three strikes rule needs to be revised to focus on violent crimes. Tax payers need to stop complaining about criminals in the community unless they are willing to pass the levees to build jails and prisons to lessen the likelihood of overcrowding.References Boehm, D. P. , & Lampert, R. O. (2008, October). Thinking Outside the cubicle Expanding Safety and Security Beyond the Perimeter. Corrections Today, 70 (5). p. 4-61, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Diiulio, Jr. , J. (2010, March). Prison Breakout. America,202 (6). p. 11, Retrieved from Academic Search Premier Resource Center. Haerens, M. (2010, May 15). Californias Three Strikes integrity Is Fair. Opposing Viewpoints Mandatory Minimum Sentencing. Detroit Greenhaven Press, Retrieved from Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Lucas, R. (2009, November/December). To Build or Not To Build? American Jails,23 (5). p. 4&93, Retrieved from Criminal Justice Periodical s Index Resource Center. Sterngold, J. (2008, July/August). Worst of the Worst. Mother Jones, 33 (4).